Natural Hazards and Earth System Science www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net 1561-8633 1684-9981 10 2 2010 10.5194/nhess-10-181-2010 http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/10/181/2010/ http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/10/181/2010/nhess-10-181-2010.html http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/10/181/2010/nhess-10-181-2010.pdf 181 189 2010-02-02 Near real-time GPS applications for tsunami early warning systems C. Falck falck@gfz-potsdam.de M. Ramatschi C. Subarya M. Bartsch A. Merx J. Hoeberechts G. Schmidt GFZ German Research Centre for Geosciences, 14473 Potsdam, Germany Bakosurtanal, National Coordinating Agency for Surveys and Mapping, Cibinong 16911, Indonesia GPS (Global Positioning System) technology is widely used for positioning applications. Many of them have high requirements with respect to precision, reliability or fast product delivery, but usually not all at the same time as it is the case for early warning applications. The tasks for the GPS-based components within the GITEWS project (German Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System, Rudloff et al., 2009) are to support the determination of sea levels (measured onshore and offshore) and to detect co-seismic land mass displacements with the lowest possible latency (design goal: first reliable results after 5 min). The completed system was designed to fulfil these tasks in near real-time, rather than for scientific research requirements. The obtained data products (movements of GPS antennas) are supporting the warning process in different ways. The measurements from GPS instruments on buoys allow the earliest possible detection or confirmation of tsunami waves on the ocean. Onshore GPS measurements are made collocated with tide gauges or seismological stations and give information about co-seismic land mass movements as recorded, e.g., during the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake of 2004 (Subarya et al., 2006). This information is important to separate tsunami-caused sea height movements from apparent sea height changes at tide gauge locations (sensor station movement) and also as additional information about earthquakes' mechanisms, as this is an essential information to predict a tsunami (Sobolev et al., 2007). <br><br> This article gives an end-to-end overview of the GITEWS GPS-component system, from the GPS sensors (GPS receiver with GPS antenna and auxiliary systems, either onshore or offshore) to the early warning centre displays. We describe how the GPS sensors have been installed, how they are operated and the methods used to collect, transfer and process the GPS data in near real-time. This includes the sensor system design, the communication system layout with real-time data streaming, the data processing strategy and the final products of the GPS-based early warning system components. Behrens, J., Klaschka, F., Mentrup, L., Raape, U., Strobl, C., Tessmann, S., and Riedlinger, T.: Handling Uncertainty in Tsunami Early Warning: Interaction between Decision Support and Multi-Sensor Simulation System, Proceedings of the International Conference on Tsunami Warning (ICTW), Bali, Indonesia, 2008. Dach, R., Hugentobler, U., Fridez, P., and Meindl, M.: Bernese GPS Software~5.0., Astronomical Institute, University of Bern, 2007. Kato, T., Terada, Y., Kinoshita, M., Kakimoto, H., Isshiki, H., Matsuishi, M., Yokoyama, A., and Tanno, T.: Real-time observation of tsunami by RTK-GPS, Earth Planets Space, 52, 841–845, 2000. Meinig, C., Stalin, S. E., Nakamura, A. I., and Milburn, H. B.: Real-Time Deep-Ocean Tsunami Measuring, Monitoring, and Reporting System: The NOAA DART II Description and Disclosure, 2005. Rudloff, A., Lauterjung, J., Münch, U., and Tinti, S.: Preface "The GITEWS Project (German-Indonesian Tsunami Early Warning System)", Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 9, 1381–1382, 2009. Schöne, T., Subarya, C., Manurung, P., Nölte, C., Roemer, S., Galas, R., Illigner, J., Kloth, A., Köppl, M., Queisser, T., Selke, C., Stolarczuk, N., and Bartsch, M.: Offshore And Onshore Sea Level Measurements, Proceedings of the International Conference on Tsunami Warning (ICTW), Bali, Indonesia, 2008. Sobolev,~S. V., Babeyko,~A. Y., Wang,~R., Hoechner,~A., Galas,~R., Rothacher,~M., Sein,~D. V., Schröter,~J., Lauterjung,~J., and Subarya,~C.: Tsunami early warning using GPS-Shield arrays, J. Geophys. Res., 112, B08415, doi:10.1029/2006JB004640, 2007. Subarya, C., Chlieh, M., Prawirodirdjo, L., Avouac, J., Bock, Y., Sieh, K., Meltzner, A., Natawidjaja, D., and McCaffrey, R.: Plate-boundary deformation associated with the great Sumatra-Andaman earthquake, Nature, 440, 46–51, 2006. Wilson, P. and Michel, G. W. (Eds.): The GEODYnamics of S and SE Asia (GEODYSSEA) Project, Scientific Technical Report STR 98/14, Geoforschungszentrum Potsdam, Commission of the European Community, EC contract CI1*CT93-0337, 1998.