<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/inc/nhess/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Natural Hazards and Earth System Science</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1561-8633</issn>
		<eissn>1684-9981</eissn>
		<volume_number>8</volume_number>
		<issue_number>1</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2008</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/nhess-8-37-2008</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/8/37/2008/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/8/37/2008/nhess-8-37-2008.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/8/37/2008/nhess-8-37-2008.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>37</start_page>
	<end_page>46</end_page>
	<publication_date>2008-01-21</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Wave conditions in the Baltic Proper and in the Gulf of Finland during windstorm Gudrun</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>T. Soomere</name>
			<email>soomere@cs.ioc.ee</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="2">
			<name>A. Behrens</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="3">
			<name>L. Tuomi</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="4" affiliations="4">
			<name>J. W. Nielsen</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Centre for Nonlinear Studies, Institute of Cybernetics at Tallinn University of Technology, Tallinn, Estonia</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="2" content_type="html">Institute for Coastal Research, GKSS Forschungszentrum, Geesthacht, Germany</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="3" content_type="html">Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Helsinki, Finland</affiliation>
		<affiliation numeration="4" content_type="html">Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">Wave conditions in the northern Baltic Proper during windstorm Erwin/Gudrun
(January 2005) are analysed based on in situ measurements in three locations and
output of operational wave models from the German Weather Forecast Service,
the Danish Meteorological Institute and the Finnish Institute of Marine
Research. The measured significant wave height reached 7.2 m in the northern
Baltic Proper and 4.5 m in the Gulf of Finland. The roughest wave
conditions, estimated from the comparison of the forecast and measured data,
occurred remote from the sensors, off the coasts of Saaremaa and Latvia
where the significant wave height was about 9.5 m. Peak periods exceeded 12 s
in a large part of the northern Baltic Proper and in the central part of
the Gulf of Finland.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> Bengtsson, A., Nilsson, C.: Extreme value modelling of storm damage in Swedish forests, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 7, 515&amp;ndash;521, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> Blomgren, S., Larson, M., and Hanson, H.: Numerical modelling of the wave climate in the southern Baltic Sea, J. Coastal Res., 17, 342&amp;ndash;352, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> Boukhanovsky, A. V., Lavrenov, I. V., Lopatoukhin, L. J., Rozhkov, V. A., Divinsky B. V., Kos&apos;yan, R. D., Ozhan, E., and Abdalla, S.: Persistence wave statistics for Black and Baltic seas, in: Proceedings of the International MEDCOAST Conference on Wind and Wave Climate of the Mediterranean and the Black Sea, Antalya, Turkey, 9&amp;ndash;13~November~1999, 199&amp;ndash;210, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> Broman, B., Hammarklint, T., Rannat, K., Soomere, T., and Valdmann, A.: Trends and extremes of wave fields in the north-eastern part of the Baltic Proper, Oceanologia, 48(S), 165&amp;ndash;184, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> Carpenter, G.: Windstorm Erwin/Gudrun &amp;ndash; January~2005. Specialty Practice Briefing, Issue No 2., http://www.guycarp.com/portal/extranet/pdf/Speciality_Briefing_170105.pdf, 14 pp., 2005, last access: 9~December~2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> Chowdhury, M. R.: Consensus seasonal Flood Forecasts and Warning Response System (FFWRS): An alternate for nonstructural flood management in Bangladesh, Environ. Manage., 35, 716&amp;ndash;725, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> Davidan, I. N., Lopatoukhin, L. I., Rozhkov, V. A.: Wind waves in the world oceans, Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 256 pp. 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> Gayer, G., Günther, H., and Winkel, N.: Wave climatology and extreme value analysis for the Baltic Sea area off the Warnemünde harbour entrance, Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift, 47, 109&amp;ndash;130, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> Holthuijsen L. H.: Observations of the directional distribution of ocean wave energy in fetch limited conditions, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 13, 191&amp;ndash;207, 1983. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text">Järvenoja, T. and Tuomi, L.: Coupled atmosphere-wave model for FMI and FIMR, HIRLAM Newsletter, 40, 9&amp;ndash;22, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> Jönsson, A., Broman, B., and Rahm, L.: Variations in the Baltic Sea wave fields, Ocean Eng., 30, 107&amp;ndash;126, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> Jönsson, A., Danielsson, A., and Rahm, L.: Bottom type distribution based on wave friction velocity in the Baltic Sea, Cont. Shelf Res., 25, 419&amp;ndash;435, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> Kahma, K.: On two-peaked wave spectra, Finnish Marine Research, 248, 87&amp;ndash;116, 1981. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> Kahma, K. and Calkoen, C. J.: Reconciling discrepancies in the observed growth of wind-generated waves, J. Phys. Oceanogr., 22, 1389&amp;ndash;1405, 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> Kahma, K. and Pettersson, H.: Wave statistics from the Gulf of Finland, Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Internal report 1/93, 27 pp., 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> Kahma, K. and Pettersson, H.: Wave growth in a narrow fetch geometry, The Global Atmosphere and Ocean System, 2, 253&amp;ndash;263, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> Kahma, K., Pettersson, H., and Tuomi, L.: Scatter diagram wave statistics from the northern Baltic Sea, MERI &amp;ndash; Report Series of the Finnish Institute of Marine Research, 49, 15&amp;ndash;32, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> Kahma, K., Rantanen E., and Saarinen, J.: Wave data from the southern Bothnian Sea 1973&amp;ndash;1975, 1981. Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Internal report 1/83, 26 pp., 1983. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> Komen, G. J., Cavaleri, L., Donelan, M., Hasselmann, K., Hasselmann, S., and Janssen, P. A. E. M.: Dynamics and modelling of ocean waves, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 532 pp., 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> Kudryavtsev, V. N. and Makin, V. K.: Impact of swell on the marine atmospheric boundary layer, J. Phys. Oceanogr. 34, 934&amp;ndash;949, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> M&amp;aring;rtensson, N. and Bergdahl, L.: On the wave climate of the southern Baltic, Report series A15, Department of Hydraulics, Chalmers University of Technology, Göteborg, 63 pp., 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> Mietus, M. and von Storch, H.: Reconstruction of the wave climate in the Proper Baltic Basin, April~1947&amp;ndash;March~1988, GKSS Report 97/E/28, Geesthacht, 30 pp., 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> Orviku, K.: Developmental ties between Järve-Mändjala beach and Nasva harbour, Proc. Estonian Maritime Academy, 3, 7&amp;ndash;18, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> Pettersson, H.: Directional wave statistics from the southern Bothnian Sea 1992, Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Internal report 1994(5), 23 pp., 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> Pettersson, H.: Directional wave statistics from the Gulf of Finland 1990&amp;ndash;1994, MERI &amp;ndash; Report Series of the Finnish Institute of Marine Research, 44, 1&amp;ndash;37, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> Pettersson, H.: Wave growth in a narrow bay. PhD Thesis, Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Contributions no. 9, Helsinki, 33 pp. + 4 articles, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> Pettersson, H. and Boman, H.: High waves and sea level during the November storm, in: Annual report 2001, Finnish Institute of Marine Research, Helsinki, 7, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> Rosenthal, W.: Wind waves and swell, in: Oceanography, vol. 3C, edited by: Sündermann, J., Landolt-Börnstein: Numerical Data and Functional Relationships in Science and Technology &amp;ndash; New Series, Springer, 17&amp;ndash;36, 1986. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> Rzheplinsky, G. V. and Brekhovskikh, Y. P.: Wave atlas for Gulf of Finland, Gidrometeoizdat, Leningrad, 1967. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> She, J. and Nielsen, J. W.: Operational Wave Forecasts Over Baltic and North Sea, Scientific Report 99-7, Danish Meteorological Institute, Copenhagen, Denmark, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> Simpson, R. H. and Riehl, H.: The hurricane and its impact, Lousiana State Univ. Press, Baton Rouge, 398 pp., 1981. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> Soomere, T.: Wave regimes and anomalies off north-western Saaremaa Island, Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Eng., 7, 157&amp;ndash;173, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> Soomere, T.: Anisotropy of wind and wave regimes in the Baltic Proper, J. Sea Res., 49, 305&amp;ndash;316, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> Soomere, T.: Wind wave statistics in Tallinn Bay, Boreal Env. Res., 10, 103&amp;ndash;118, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> Soomere, T., Dick, S., Gästgifvars, M., Huess, V., and Nielsen J. W.: Project plan for implementation of interfacing between Baltic scale models to local (coastal area) models, http://www.boos.org/fileadmin/user_upload/PAPA_Reports/PAPA_ImplementationInterfacingBalticScaleToLocalModels.pdf, 22 pp., 2004, last access: 9~December~2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> Soomere, T. and Keevallik, S.: Directional and extreme wind properties in the Gulf of Finland, Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Eng., 9, 73&amp;ndash;90, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> Soomere, T. and Zaitseva, I.: Estimates of wave climate in the northern Baltic Proper derived from visual wave observations at Vilsandi, Proc. Estonian Acad. Sci. Eng., 13, 48&amp;ndash;64, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> Stumbo, S., Fox, K., Dvorak, F., and Elliot, L.: The prediction, measurement, and analysis of wake wash from marine vessels, Marine Technol., 36, 248&amp;ndash;260, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> Suursaar, Ü., Kullas, K., Otsmann, M., Saaremäe, I., Kuik, J., and Merilain M.: Cyclone Gudrun and modelling its hydrodynamic consequences in the Estonian coastal waters, Boreal Env. Res., 11, 143&amp;ndash;159, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> The SWAMP Group: Ocean wave modelling, Plenum Press, New York, 262 pp., 1985. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> Tuomi, L., Pettersson, H., and Kahma, K.: Preliminary results from the WAM wave model forced by the mesoscale EUR-HIRLAM atmospheric model, MERI &amp;ndash; Report series of the Finnish Institute of Marine Research 40, 19&amp;ndash;23, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> WASA Group: The WASA project: changing storm and wave climate in the northeast Atlantic and adjacent seas? GKSS Report 96/E/61, Geesthacht, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> Weber, H. C.: Probabilistic prediction of tropical cyclones, Part I: Position, Mon. Weather Rev., 133, 1840&amp;ndash;1852, 2005. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

