Natural Hazards and Earth System Science www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net 1561-8633 1684-9981 8 4 2008 10.5194/nhess-8-641-2008 http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/8/641/2008/ http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/8/641/2008/nhess-8-641-2008.html http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/8/641/2008/nhess-8-641-2008.pdf 641 649 2008-07-07 Liquefaction severity map for Aksaray city center (Central Anatolia, Turkey) A. Yalcin ayalcin@aksaray.edu.tr C. Gokceoglu H. Sönmez Department of Geological Engineering, Applied Geology Division, Aksaray University, 68100, Aksaray, Turkey Department of Geological Engineering, Applied Geology Division, Hacettepe University, 06800, Beytepe, Ankara, Turkey Turkey having a long history of large earthquakes have been subjected to progressive adjacent earthquakes. Starting in 1939, the North Anatolian Fault Zone (NAFZ) produced a sequence of major earthquakes, of which the Mw 7.4 earthquake that struck western Turkey on 17 August 1999. Following the Erzincan earthquake in 1992, the soil liquefaction has been crucial important in the agenda of Turkey. Soil liquefaction was also observed widely during the Marmara and the Düzce Earthquake in 1999 (Sönmez, 2003). Aksaray city center locates in the central part of Turkey and the Tuzgolu Fault Zone passes through near the city center. The fault zone has been generated to moderate magnitude earthquakes. The geology of the Aksaray province basin contains Quaternary alluvial deposits formed by gravel, sand, silt, and clay layers in different thickness. The Tuzgolu Fault Zone (TFZ) came into being after the sedimetation of alluvial deposits. Thus, the fault is younger from lithological units and it is active. In addition, the ground water level is very shallow, within approximately 3 m from the surface. In this study, the liquefaction potential of the Aksaray province is investigated by recent procedure suggested by Sonmez and Gokceoglu (2005). For this purpose, the liquefaction susceptibility map of the Aksaray city center for liquefaction is presented. In the analysis, the input parameters such as the depth of the upper and lower boundaries of soil layer, SPT-N values, fine content, clay content and the liquid limit were used for all layers within 20 m from the surface. As a result, the category of very high susceptibility liquefaction class was not observed for the earthquake scenario of Ms=5.2, 4.9% of the study area has high liquefaction susceptibility. The percentage of the moderately, low, and very low liquefied areas are 28.2%, 30.2%, and 36.3%, respectively. The rank of non-liquefied susceptibility area is less than 1%. Andrews, D. C. and Martin, G. R.: Criteria for liquefaction of silty sands, In: 12th World Conference on Earthquake Engineering, Auckland New Zealand, 2000. Aydan, O., Sezaki, M., and Yarar, T.: The seismic characteristics of Turkish earthquakes, In: 11th Proc Int Con on Earthq Eng, Acapulco, Mexico, 1–8, 1996. Barka, A.: Neotectonics of the Marmara region in active tectonics of Northwestern Anatolia, In: Schindler C, Pfister M (eds) The Marmara Poly-Project, Hochschulverlag AG an der ETH, Zurich, 55–87, 1997. Beekman, P. H.: The volcanic activity of Pliocene and Quaternary era in Hasandagi-Melendizdagi regions, MTA Publications, 66, 88–104, 1966 (in Turkish). Cemen, I., Goncuoglu, M. C., and Dirik, K.: Structural evalution of the Tuzgolu basin in central Anatolia, Turkey, The J of Geo, 107 693–706, 1999. Chen, C. J. and Juang, C. H.: Calibration of SPT- and CPT-based liquefaction evaluation methods, In: Innovations and applications in geotechnical site characterization, edited by: Mayne, P.W., Hryciw, R., Vol 97. Geotechnical Special Publication, ASCE, Reston, 49–64, 2000. Dirik, K. and Goncuoglu, M. C.: Neotectonic characteristics of central Anatolia, Int. Geo. Rev., 38, 807–817, 1996. Ercan, T., Fujitani, T., Matsuda, J. I., Tokel, S., Notsu, K., Ui, T., Can, B., Selvi, Y., Yildirim, T., Fisekci, A., Olmez, M., and Akbasli, A.: The origin and evolution of the Cenozoic volcanism of Hasandagi-Karacadag area (Central Anatolia), Bull Geomor., Turkey, 18, 39–54, 1990. Finn, W. L., Ledbetter, R. H., and Wu, G.: Liquefaction in silty soils: design and analysis, Ground failures under seismic conditions, Geotechnical Special Publication No 44, ASCE, Reston, 51–79, 1994. Fukushima, Y., Tanaka, T., and Kataoka, S.:, A new attenuation relationship for peak ground accelerations, Proc. 9th WCCE, Tokyo, Japan, 1988. Goncuoglu, M. C. and Toprak, V.: Neogene and Quaternary volcanism of Central Anatolia: A volcano-structural evaluation, Bull de la section de Volcanologie, 26, 1–6, 1992. Gullu, B.: Geological-petrographical and geochemical investigation of magmatic rocks around mamasun area (Aksaray), MSc Thesis, Aksaray, 2003. Inan, E., Colakoglu, Z., Koc, N., Bayulke, N., and Coruh, E.: Catalogue of earthquakes between 1976–1996 with acceleration records, ERD, General Directorate of Disaster Affairs of Public Works and Settlement Ankara, 150, 1996. Iwasaki, T., Tokida. K., Tatsuoka, F., Watanabe, S., Yasuda, S., and Sato, H.: Microzonation for soil liquefaction potential using simplified methods, vol 3, In: Proceedings of 3th international conference on microzonation, Seattle, 1319–1330, 1982. Joyner, W. B. and Boore, D. M.: Peak horizontal acceleration and velocity from strong-motion records from the 1997 Imperial Valley, California earthquake, Bull Seis Am, 71(6), 2011–2038, 1981. Juang, C. H., Yuan, H., Lee, D. H., and Lin, P. S.: A simplified CPT-based method for evaluating liquefaction potential of soils, J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 129, 66–80, 2003. Lee, D. H., Ku, C. S., and Yuan, H.: A study of the liquefaction risk potential at Yuanlin. Taiwan Engineering Geology, 71, 97–117, 2003. Seed, H. B.: Earthquake-resistant design of earth dams. In: Proceedings of Symp. Seismic Des. of earth dams and caverns, ASCE, New York, 41–64, 1983. Seed, H. B. and DeAlba, P.: Use of the SPT and CPT tests for evaluating the liquefaction resistance of sands, In: Use of in-situ tests in geotechnical engineering, ASCE Geotechnical Special Publication, 6, 281–302, 1986. Seed, H. B. and Hander, L. F.: SPT-based analysis of cyclic pressure generation and undrained residual strength, In: Proceedings of H. Bolton Seed memorial symposium, BiTech Publishers Ltd., 351–376, 1990. Seed, H. B., Idriss, I. M.: Simplified procedure for evaluating soil liquefaction potential, J. Soil Mech. Found. Div. ASCE 97(SM9), 1249–1273, 1971. Seed, H. B., Tokimatsu, K., Hander, L. F., and Chung, R. M.: Influence of SPT procedures in soil liquefaction resistance evaluations, J. Geotech. Eng. Div. ASCE 111(2), 1425–1445, 1985. Sengor, A. M. C., Gorur, N., and Saroglu, F.: Strike-slip faulting and related basin formation in zones of tectonic escape: Turkey as a case study, Society of Economic Paleontologists and Mineralogists Special Publication No 37, 227–264, 1985. Sonmez, H.: Modification to the liquefaction potential index and liquefaction susceptibility mapping for a liquefaction-prone area (Inegol-Turkey), Environ Geology, 44(7), 862–871, 2003. Sonmez, H. and Gokceoglu, C.: A liquefaction severity index suggested for engineering practice, Environ. Geology., 48, 81–91, 2005. Tromp, S. W.: Geological characteristics of Nigde – Incesu – Tuzgolu regions, No~1456 MTA Institute, Ankara, 1942 (in Turkish). Turkish Statistical Institute, http://www.turkstat.gov.tr, access: 15~August~2007. Ulusay, R. and Kuru, T.: 1998 Adana-Ceyhan (Turkey) earthquake and a preliminary microzonation based on liquefaction potential for Ceyhan Town, Natural Hazards 32, 59–88, 2004. Ulusay, R., Tuncay, E., Sonmez, H., and Gokceoglu, C.: An attenuation relationship based on Turkish strong motion data and iso-acceleration map of Turkey, Eng Geol, 74, 265–291, 2004. Youd, T. L., Idriss, I. M., Andrus, R. D., Arango, I., Castro, G., Christian, J. T., Dobry, R., Finn, W. D. L., Harder, L. F., Hynes, M. E., Ishihara, K., Koester, J. P., Liao, S. S. C., Marcuson, III, W.F., Martin, G. R., Mitchell, J. K., Moriwaki, Y., Power, M. S., Robertson, P. K., Seed, R. B., and Stokoe, II. K. H.: Liquefaction resistance of soils: Summary report from the 1996 NCEER and 1998 NCEER/NSF workshops on evaluation of liquefaction resistance of soils, J. Geotech. Geoenviron. Eng., 817–833, 2001.