<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/inc/nhess/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Natural Hazards and Earth System Science</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1561-8633</issn>
		<eissn>1684-9981</eissn>
		<volume_number>9</volume_number>
		<issue_number>4</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2009</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/nhess-9-1189-2009</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/9/1189/2009/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/9/1189/2009/nhess-9-1189-2009.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/9/1189/2009/nhess-9-1189-2009.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>1189</start_page>
	<end_page>1199</end_page>
	<publication_date>2009-07-17</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Design of reinforced ground embankments used for rockfall protection</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>C. Ronco</name>
			<email>chiara.ronco@polito.it</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>C. Oggeri</name>
		</author>
		<author numeration="3" affiliations="1">
			<name>D. Peila</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Dept. of Land, Environment and Geo-technology, Politecnico di Torino, Torino, Italy</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">The prediction of the effects of rockfall on passive protection structures,
such as reinforced ground embankments, is a very complex task and, for this
reason, both full-scale tests and numerical dynamic modelling are essential.
&lt;br&gt;&lt;br&gt;
A systematic set of numerical FEM models, developed in the dynamic field,
has been implemented in this work to evaluate the conditions of an
embankment that has been subjected to the impact of rock blocks of various
sizes at different speeds. These analyses have permitted design charts to be
obtained. Furthermore, a simplified analytical approach, based on an
equilibrium analysis, has been proposed and its results are compared with
numerical data in order to assess its feasibility. A good correspondence
between the results has been obtained.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Barrett, R. K. and White, J. L.: Rock fall prediction and control, in: Proceedings of National Symposium on Highway and Railway Slope Maintenance, Association of Engineering Geologists, Chicago, USA, 23–40, 1991. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Bertrand, D.: Modélisation du comportement mécanique d&apos;une structure cellulaire soumise à une sollicitation dynamique localisée, Ph.D. thesis, Université Joseph Fourier, Grenoble, France, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Bertrand, D., Nicot, F., Gotteland, P., and Lambert, S.: Modelling a geo-composite cell using discrete analysis, Comput. Geotech., 32(8), 564–577, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Bourreir, F., Dorren, L., Nicot, F., Berger, F., and Darve, F.: Toward objective rockfall trajectory simulation using a stochastic impact model, Geomorphology, in press, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Bourrier, F., Nicot, F., and Darve, F.: Physical processes within a 2-D granular layer during an impact, Granul. Matter, 10(6), 415–437, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Bowel, J. E.: Physical &amp; geotechnical properties of soils, McGraw Hill Book Co., Auckland, New Zeland, 478 pp., 1979. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz British Standard 8006: Code of practice: strengthened reinforced soils and other fills, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Burroughs, D. K., Henson, H. H., and Jiang, S. S.: Full scale geotextile rock barrier wall testing, analysis and prediction, in: Proceedings of Geosynthetics 1993, Vancouver, Canada, 30 March–1 April 1993, 959–970, 1993. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Calvetti, F. and Di Prisco, C.: Linee guida per la progettazione di gallerie paramassi, Starrylink Editrice Brescia, Brescia, Italy, 184 pp., 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Carotti, A., Peila, D., Castiglia, C., and Rimoldi, P.: Mathematical modelling of geogrid reinforced embankments subject to high energy rock impact, in: Proceedings of Eurogeo, II European Geosynthetics Conference and Exhibition, Bologna, Italy, 15–18 October 2000, 305–310, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Castiglia, C.: Studio del comportamento di rilevati paramassi, M.S. thesis, Politecnico di Torino, Italy, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Del Greco, O., Fornaro, M., and Oggeri, C.: Modification of a quarry face: stabilization criteria and environment reclamation, in: Proceedings of 7th International Congress IAEG, Lisboa, Portugal, 5–9 September 1994, 4109–4118, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Del Greco, O. and Oggeri, C.: Caratteristiche di resistenza a taglio di geosintetici, in: Proceedings of XX Convegno Nazionale di Geotecnica, Parma, Italy, 22–25 September 1999, 79–86, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Di Prisco, C. and Vecchiotti. M.: Impatti di blocchi di roccia su rilevati rinforzati: modellazione teorica e spunti progettuali, L&apos;Ingegnere e l&apos;Architetto, 10(1), 62–69, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Di Prisco, C. and Vecchiotti, M.: A rehological model for the description of boulder impacts on granular strata, Geotechnique, 56(7), 469–482, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz EN 1997-1: Eurocode – Geotechnical design – Part 1: General rules, 168 pp., 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Frey, R. P.: Swiss guideline: action on rockfall protection galleries, in: Proceedings of the Joint Japan-Swiss Scientific Seminar on Impact load by rock fall and design of protection structures, Kanazawa, Japan, 4–7 October 1999, 91–94, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Giani, G. P.: Rock slopes stability analysis, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 347 pp., 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Labiouse, V., Descoeudres, F., and Montani, S.: Experimental study of rock sheds impacted by rock blocks, Structural Engineering International, 3, 171–175, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Lambert, S., Gotteland, P., Bertrand, D., and Nicot, F.: Comportement mécanique de géo-cellules soumises a impact, in: Proceedings of Congrés de Mécanique, Grenoble, France, 27–31 August 2007, 23–24, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Lambert, S., Nicot, F., and Gotteland, P.: Experimental study of the impact response of geo-cells as components of rockfall protections diches, in: Proceedings of Interdisciplinary Workshop on Rockfall Protection, Morschach, Switzerland, 23–25 June 2008, 52–54, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Lancellotta, R.: Geotechnical Engineering, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 436 pp., 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Lazzari, A., Troisi, C., and Arcuri, G.: Protezione di nuclei abitati contro la caduta di massi mediante rilevati in terra rinforzata: esperienze della Regione Piemonte, in: Proceedings of Giornata di Studio su La protezione contro la caduta di massi dai versanti rocciosi, Torino, Italy, 24 October 1996, 85–94, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Mayne, P. W., Jones, J. J., and Dumas, J. C.: Ground response to dynamic compaction, J. Geotech. Eng.-ASCE, 110(6), 757–774, 1994. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Montani, S., Descoeudres, F., and Egger, P.: Impact de blocs rocheux sur des galeries de protection, in: Proceedings of Giornata di Studio &quot;La protezione contro la caduta massi dai versanti rocciosi&quot;, Torino, Italy, 24 October 1996, 55–64, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Nomura, T., Inoue, S., Fuchigami, M., Yokota, Y., Kubo, T., Tatta, N., and Arai, K.: Experimental research of reinforced soil wall for rock-fall protection, in: Proceedings of 7th International conference on geosynthetics, Nice, France, 22–27 September, 303–308, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz OFROU Directive 12006: Action de chutes de pierres sur les galeries de protection, www.astra.admin.ch, access: 30 January 2009, v. 2.03, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Oggeri, C. and Peila, D.: Protection of transportation system against rock falls, in: Proceedings of Landslides in research, theory and practice, 8th International Symposium on Landslides, Cardiff, UK, 26–30 June 2000, 1141–1146, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Oggeri, C., Peila, D., and Recalcati, P.: Rilevati paramassi, in: Proceedings of Convegno Bonifica di versanti rocciosi per la protezione del territorio, Trento, Italy, 11–12 March 2004, 191–232, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Paronuzzi, P.: Criteri di progettazione di rilevati paramassi, Geologia tecnica, 1, 23–41, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Pasqualotto, M., Hugonin, B., and Vagliasindi, B.: Rilevati in terra rinforzata a protezione dalla caduta massi in Val di Rhemes (AO), GEAM Geoingegneria Ambientale e Mineraria, 114(1), 55–67, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="32" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Pasqualotto, M., Peila, D., and Oggeri, C.: Prestazioni di un sistema di rilevati a scogliera soggetti ad impatto di massi, in: Proceedings of Convegno Bonifica di versanti rocciosi per la protezione del territorio, Trento, Italy, 11–12 March 2004, 435–442, 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="33" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Peckover, F. L. and Kerr, W. G.: Treatment and maintenance of rock slopes on transportation routes, Can. Geotech. J., 14(4), 487–507, 1977. </reference>
		<reference numeration="34" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Peila, D., Castiglia, C., Oggeri, C., Guasti, G., Recalcati, P., and Sassudelli, F.: Full scale tests on geogrid reinforced embankments for rock fall protection, in: Proceedings of 2nd uropean Geosynthetics Conference and Exhibition, Bologna, Italy, 15–18 October 2000, 317–322, 2000. </reference>
		<reference numeration="35" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Peila, D. and Oggeri, C.: Tecnologia e aspetti progettuali di interventi di bonifica e di messa in sicurezza di versanti rocciosi soggetti a fenomeni di caduta massi, in: Proceedings of XI Ciclo di Conferenze di Meccanica e Ingegneria delle Rocce, Torino, Italy, 28–29 November 2006, 85–112, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="36" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Peila, D., Oggeri, C., and Castiglia, C.: Ground reinforced embankments for rockfall protection: design and evaluation of full scale tests, Landslides Investigations and Mitigation, 4(3), 255–265, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="37" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Peila, D., Oggeri, C., Castiglia, C., Recalcati, P., and Rimordi, P.: Testing and modelling geogrid reinforced soil embankments to high energy rock impacts, in: Proceedings of 7th I.C.G., Nice, France, 22–27 September 2002, 133–136, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="38" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Peila, D., Pelizza, S., and Sassudelli, F.: Evaluation of behaviour of rockfall restraining nets by full scale tests, Rock Mech. Rock Eng., 31(1), 1–24, 1998. </reference>
		<reference numeration="39" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Peila, D., Rimoldi, P., Recalcati, P., Guasti, G., and Castiglia, C.: Prove in vera grandezza su rilevati paramassi rinforzati con geogriglie, GEAM Geoingegneria Ambientale e Mineraria, XXXVI(2–3), 149–154, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="40" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Plassiard, J. P., Donzé, F. V., and Lorentz, J.: Simulations of rockfall impacts on embankments using a discrete element method, in: Proceedings of Interdisciplionary Workshop on Rockfall Protection, Morschach, Switzerland, 23–25 June 2008, 84–86, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="41" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Protec Engineering: http://www.proteng.co.jp, access: 30 January 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="42" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Tissieres, P.: Ditches and reinforced ditches against falling rocks, in: Proceedings of the Joint Japan-Swiss Scientific Seminar on Impact load by rock fall and design of protection structures, Kanazawa, Japan, 4–7 October 1999, 65–68, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="43" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Wyllie, C. W. and Norrish, I. N.: Stabilization of rock slopes, Landslides Investigations and Mitigation, 247, 474–506, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="44" content_type="text"> % vor jede Referenz Yoshida, H.: Recent experimental studies on rockfall control in Japan, in: Proceedings of the Joint Japan-Swiss Scientific Seminar on Impact load by rock fall and design of protection structures, Kanazawa, Japan, 4–7 October 1999, 69–78, 1999. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

