<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE article SYSTEM "http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/inc/nhess/copernicus.dtd">
<article language="en">
	<journal>
		<journal_title>Natural Hazards and Earth System Science</journal_title>
		<journal_url>www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net</journal_url>
		<issn>1561-8633</issn>
		<eissn>1684-9981</eissn>
		<volume_number>9</volume_number>
		<issue_number>4</issue_number>
		<publication_year>2009</publication_year>
	</journal>
	<doi>10.5194/nhess-9-1291-2009</doi>
	<article_url>http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/9/1291/2009/</article_url>
	<abstract_html>http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/9/1291/2009/nhess-9-1291-2009.html</abstract_html>
	<fulltext_pdf>http://www.nat-hazards-earth-syst-sci.net/9/1291/2009/nhess-9-1291-2009.pdf</fulltext_pdf>
	<start_page>1291</start_page>
	<end_page>1298</end_page>
	<publication_date>2009-07-29</publication_date>
	<article_title content_type="html">Technical Note: Design of rockfall net fences and the new ETAG 027 European guideline</article_title>
	<authors>
		<author numeration="1" affiliations="1">
			<name>D. Peila</name>
			<email>daniele.peila@polito.it</email>
		</author>
		<author numeration="2" affiliations="1">
			<name>C. Ronco</name>
		</author>
	</authors>
	<affiliations>
		<affiliation numeration="1" content_type="html">Department of Land, Environment and Geo-technology, Politecnico di Torino, Turin, Italy</affiliation>
	</affiliations>
	<abstract content_type="html">The need for protection against rockfall has led to the development of
different types of technological solutions that are able to both prevent
blocks from detaching from rock walls and to control, intercept or deviate
the blocks during movement. Of the many devices that are able to intercept
and stop a block, one of the most frequently used is net fence. Many
different types of full-scale tests have been carried out, with different
test site geometries and procedures to study their behaviour and to certify
these devices. This has led to a series of data and information that are not
easy to compare. The recent endorsement, by the European Organization for
Technical Approvals (EOTA), of a European Technical Approval Guideline
(ETAG), which defines how to test and assess the performance of a net fence,
is therefore a great innovation that will change both the market and the
design procedures of these devices. The most important innovations
introduced by this new guideline are here presented and discussed and a net
fence design procedure for protection against rockfall is provided.</abstract>
	<references>
		<reference numeration="1" content_type="text">Agliardi, F. and Crosta, G. B.: High resolution three-dimensional numerical modelling of rockfalls, Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min., 40(2), 455–471, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="2" content_type="text">Azzoni, A., La Barbera, G., and Zaninetti, A.: Analysis and prediction or rockfalls using a mathematical model, Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min., 32, 709–724, 1995. </reference>
		<reference numeration="3" content_type="text">Broili, L.: In situ tests for the study of rockfall, Geologia Applicata e Idrogeologia, 8, 105–111, 1973. </reference>
		<reference numeration="4" content_type="text">Bunce, C. M., Cruden, D. M., and Morgenstern, N. R.: Assessment of the hazard from rockfall on a highway, Can. Geotech. J., 34, 344–356, 1997. </reference>
		<reference numeration="5" content_type="text">Cazzani, A., Mongiov\`&amp;#x0131;, L., and Frenez, T.: Dynamic finite element analysis of interceptive devices for fallings rocks, Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min., 39(3), 303–321, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="6" content_type="text">Construction Products Directive 89/106/EEC (CPD): Council Directive of 21 December 1988 on the approximation of laws, regulations and administrative provisions of the Member States relating to construction products, http://ec.europa.eu/, last access: 12/02/09, 1989. </reference>
		<reference numeration="7" content_type="text">Descoeudres, F. and Zimmermann, T.: Three-dimensional dynamic calculation of rockfalls, in: Proceedings of 6th International Congress on Rock Mechanics, Montreal, Canada, 30 August–3 September 1987, 337–342, 1987. </reference>
		<reference numeration="8" content_type="text">Duffy, J. D. and Wade, H. : Field Tests and Evaluation of HI-Tech 50 and 70 Foot-ton Rockfall Fence, Report No. CA/05-96-02, CALTRANS, 1996. </reference>
		<reference numeration="9" content_type="text">EN 1990: Eurocode – Basis of structural design, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="10" content_type="text">EN 1997-1: Eurocode – Geotechnical design – Part 1: General rules, 168 pp., 2004. </reference>
		<reference numeration="11" content_type="text">European Organization for Technical Approval (EOTA):: http://www.eota.eu, last access 16/06/09, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="12" content_type="text">ETAG 027: Guideline for European Technical Approval of Falling Rock Protection Kits, http://www.eota.eu/, last access: 16/06/09, 53 pp., 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="13" content_type="text">Gerber, W.: Highly flexible wire net rock fall barriers, in: Proceedings of the Joint Japan-Swiss Scientific Seminar on Impact Loads by Rock Falls and Design of Protection Structures, Kanazawa, Japan, 4–7 October 1999, 37–42, 1999. </reference>
		<reference numeration="14" content_type="text">Gerber, W.: Guideline for the approval of rockfall protection kits, Swiss Agency for the Environment, Forests and Landscape (SAEFL) and the Swiss Federal Research Institute WSL Berne, Bern, Swiss, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="15" content_type="text">Giani G. P.: Rock slopes stability analysis, Balkema, Rotterdam, Netherlands, 374 pp., 1992. </reference>
		<reference numeration="16" content_type="text">Grassl, H., Bartelt, P., Volkwein, A., and Wartmann, S.: Experimental and numerical modelling of highly flexible rockfall protection barriers, in: Proceedings of 12th Panamerican Conference on Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA, 22–26 June 2003, 2589-2594, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="17" content_type="text">Grass, H., Volkwein, A., Anderheggen, E., and Ammann, W. J.: Steel-net rockfall protection – experimental and numerical simulation, in: Proceedings of Seventh International Conference on Structures Under Shock and Impact, Montreal, Canada, May 2002, 143–153, 2002. </reference>
		<reference numeration="18" content_type="text">Guideline for the approval of rockfall protection kits – Amendment 2006, www.environment-switzerland.ch/publications, last access 12/06/09, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="19" content_type="text">Guzzetti, F., Reichenbach, P., and Wieczorek, G. F.: Rockfall hazard and risk assessment in the Yosemite Valley, California, USA, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 3, 491–503, 2003. </reference>
		<reference numeration="20" content_type="text">Jaboyedoff, M., Dudt, J. P., and Labiouse, V.: An attempt to refine rockfall hazard zoning based on the kinetic energy, frequency and fragmentation degree, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 5, 621–632, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="21" content_type="text">Locatelli, L.: Analisi del rischio di caduta massi lungo un tratto della Gardesana Occidentale, GEAM Geoingegneria Ambientale e Mineraria, XLII (1), 33–44, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="22" content_type="text">Nando Information System (Europa), http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/newapproach/nando, last access: 02/03/09, 2009. </reference>
		<reference numeration="23" content_type="text">Nicot, F., Cambou, B., and Mazzoleni, G.: Design of rockfall restraining nets from a discrete element modelling, Rock. Mech. Rock. Eng., 34(2), 98–118, 2001. </reference>
		<reference numeration="24" content_type="text">Peckover, F. L. and Kerr, W. G.: Treatment and maintenance of rock slopes on transportation routes, Can. Geotech. J., 14(4), 487–507, 1977. </reference>
		<reference numeration="25" content_type="text">Peila, D. and Guardini, C.: Use of the event tree to assess the risk reduction obtained from rockfall protection devices, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 8, 1441–1450, 2008. </reference>
		<reference numeration="26" content_type="text">Peila, D., Oggeri, C., and Baratono, P.: Barriere paramassi a rete: interventi e dimensionamento. GEAM Associazione Georisorse e Ambiente ed., Torino, Italy, 127 pp., 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="27" content_type="text">Peila, D., Oggeri, C., and Castiglia, C.: Ground reinforced embankments for rockfall protection: design and evaluation of full scale tests, Landslides, 4, 255–265, 2007. </reference>
		<reference numeration="28" content_type="text">Smith, D. D. and Duffy, J. D.: Field tests and evaluation of rockfall restraining nets, No. CA/TL-90/05, Final Report, CALTRAN, 1990. </reference>
		<reference numeration="29" content_type="text">Valfrè, A.: Dimensionamento di reti metalliche in aderenza per scarpate rocciose mediante modellazioni numeriche, GEAM Geoingegneria Ambientale e Mineraria, 4, 47–54, 2006. </reference>
		<reference numeration="30" content_type="text">Volkwein, A.: Numerical simulation of flexible rockfall protection system, in: Proceedings of congress on Computing in civil engineering, Cancun, Mexico, 12–16 July 2005, 2005. </reference>
		<reference numeration="31" content_type="text">Yang, M., Fukawa, T., Ohnishi, Y., Nishiyama, S., Miki, S., Hirakawa, Y., and Mori, S.: The application of 3-dimensional DDA with a spherical rigid block for rockfall simulation, Int. J. Rock. Mech. Min., 41(3), p 476, 2004. </reference>
	</references>
</article>

