Scientists demystify stress changes before mainshocks and utilize the foreshocks as an indicator. We investigate changes in seismicity far from mainshocks by using tens of thousands of M ≥ 2 quakes for 10 years in Taiwan and Japan. The results show that wide areas exhibit increased seismicity occurring more than several times in areas of the fault rupture. The stressed crust triggers resonance at frequencies varying from ~ 5 × 10–4 to ~ 10–3 Hz that is supported by the resonant frequency model.

Life on Earth is directly or indirectly linked to primary production (PP), the quantification of which poses a challenge. In our study we use the oxygen isotopes and oxygen–argon ratios technique to estimate PP in situ. To date this method has been used to assess PP in the ocean and we expand on its application to freshwater systems. Providing that the physical structure of the water column is constrained, this method presents a powerful tracer for atmospheric vs. photosynthetic oxygen input.

Since tens of years perturbations have been observed in the ionosphere prior to earthquakes (between a few hours and a few days before). But the mechanism to understand how the earthquake preparation in a seismic area can induce a change in the ionosphere is the subject of intense debate. In this paper we present various atmospheric and ionospheric perturbations observed prior to large earthquakes in order to support a model of coupling between the lithosphere, the atmosphere, and the ionosphere.