Articles | Volume 19, issue 5
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-999-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Special issue:
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-19-999-2019
© Author(s) 2019. This work is distributed under
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 License.
Landslide susceptibility mapping by using a geographic information system (GIS) along the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (Karakoram Highway), Pakistan
Neotectonics and Natural Hazards, RWTH Aachen University, Lochnerstr. 4–20, 52056 Aachen, Germany
Department of Earth Sciences, COMSATS Information Technology, Abbottabad, Pakistan
Peter Biermanns
Neotectonics and Natural Hazards, RWTH Aachen University, Lochnerstr. 4–20, 52056 Aachen, Germany
Rashid Haider
Geological Survey of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan
Klaus Reicherter
Neotectonics and Natural Hazards, RWTH Aachen University, Lochnerstr. 4–20, 52056 Aachen, Germany
Related authors
Rashid Haider, Sajid Ali, Gösta Hoffmann, and Klaus Reicherter
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-148, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-148, 2023
Preprint under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
The Coastlines bordering the Arabian Sea has yielded various tsunamites reflecting its high hazard potential and recurrences. My PhD project aims at the estimation and zonation of the hazards and risks associated. This publication is a continuation of the previous publication (Haider et al., 2023), which focused on hazard estimation through a multi-proxy approach. This part of the study estimates the risk potential through integrated tsunami inundation analysis.
Rashid Haider, Sajid Ali, Gösta Hoffmann, and Klaus Reicherter
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-148, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-148, 2023
Preprint under review for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
The Coastlines bordering the Arabian Sea has yielded various tsunamites reflecting its high hazard potential and recurrences. My PhD project aims at the estimation and zonation of the hazards and risks associated. This publication is a continuation of the previous publication (Haider et al., 2023), which focused on hazard estimation through a multi-proxy approach. This part of the study estimates the risk potential through integrated tsunami inundation analysis.
Claudia Finger, Marco P. Roth, Marco Dietl, Aileen Gotowik, Nina Engels, Rebecca M. Harrington, Brigitte Knapmeyer-Endrun, Klaus Reicherter, Thomas Oswald, Thomas Reinsch, and Erik H. Saenger
Earth Syst. Sci. Data, 15, 2655–2666, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2655-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/essd-15-2655-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Passive seismic analyses are a key technology for geothermal projects. The Lower Rhine Embayment, at the western border of North Rhine-Westphalia in Germany, is a geologically complex region with high potential for geothermal exploitation. Here, we report on a passive seismic dataset recorded with 48 seismic stations and a total extent of 20 km. We demonstrate that the network design allows for the application of state-of-the-art seismological methods.
Peter Biermanns, Benjamin Schmitz, Silke Mechernich, Christopher Weismüller, Kujtim Onuzi, Kamil Ustaszewski, and Klaus Reicherter
Solid Earth, 13, 957–974, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-957-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-13-957-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We introduce two up to 7 km long normal fault scarps near the city of Bar (Montenegro). The fact that these widely visible seismogenic structures have never been described before is even less surprising than the circumstance that they apparently do not fit the tectonic setting that they are located in. By quantifying the age and movement of the newly discovered fault scarps and by partly re-interpreting local tectonics, we introduce approaches to explain how this is still compatible.
Christoph Grützner, Simone Aschenbrenner, Petra Jamšek
Rupnik, Klaus Reicherter, Nour Saifelislam, Blaž Vičič, Marko Vrabec, Julian Welte, and Kamil Ustaszewski
Solid Earth, 12, 2211–2234, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-2211-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
Several large strike-slip faults in western Slovenia are known to be active, but most of them have not produced strong earthquakes in historical times. In this study we use geomorphology, near-surface geophysics, and fault excavations to show that two of these faults had surface-rupturing earthquakes during the Holocene. Instrumental and historical seismicity data do not capture the strongest events in this area.
Sarah Mader, Joachim R. R. Ritter, Klaus Reicherter, and the AlpArray Working Group
Solid Earth, 12, 1389–1409, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1389-2021, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-12-1389-2021, 2021
Short summary
Short summary
The Albstadt Shear Zone, SW Germany, is an active rupture zone with sometimes damaging earthquakes but no visible surface structure. To identify its segmentations, geometry, faulting pattern and extension, we analyze the continuous earthquake activity in 2011–2018. We find a segmented N–S-oriented fault zone with mainly horizontal and minor vertical movement along mostly NNE- and some NNW-oriented rupture planes. The main horizontal stress is oriented NW and due to Alpine-related loading.
Christopher Weismüller, Rahul Prabhakaran, Martijn Passchier, Janos L. Urai, Giovanni Bertotti, and Klaus Reicherter
Solid Earth, 11, 1773–1802, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1773-2020, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-11-1773-2020, 2020
Short summary
Short summary
We photographed a fractured limestone pavement with a drone to compare manual and automatic fracture tracing and analyze the evolution and spatial variation of the fracture network in high resolution. We show that automated tools can produce results comparable to manual tracing in shorter time but do not yet allow the interpretation of fracture generations. This work pioneers the automatic fracture mapping of a complete outcrop in detail, and the results can be used as fracture benchmark.
Christopher Weismüller, Janos L. Urai, Michael Kettermann, Christoph von Hagke, and Klaus Reicherter
Solid Earth, 10, 1757–1784, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1757-2019, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-10-1757-2019, 2019
Short summary
Short summary
We use drones to study surface geometries of massively dilatant faults (MDFs) in Iceland, with apertures up to tens of meters at the surface. Based on throw, aperture and structures, we define three geometrically different endmembers of the surface expression of MDFs and show that they belong to one continuum. The transition between the endmembers is fluent and can change at one fault over short distances, implying less distinct control of deeper structures on surface geometries than expected.
Sascha Schneiderwind, Jack Mason, Thomas Wiatr, Ioannis Papanikolaou, and Klaus Reicherter
Solid Earth, 7, 323–340, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-323-2016, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-7-323-2016, 2016
Short summary
Short summary
Palaeoseismological research uses historical earthquakes to verify seismic hazard assessment. Earthquakes of magnitude M > 5.5 likely produce surface ruptures that can be preserved in the subsurface. Buried soils or progressive displacements are the main targets of trenching studies. However, the recognition of these features is challenging for inexperienced researchers. Here a workflow is presented which applies remote sensing and geophysical techniques to verify layer distinction.
M. Kettermann, C. Grützner, H. W. van Gent, J. L. Urai, K. Reicherter, and J. Mertens
Solid Earth, 6, 839–855, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-839-2015, https://doi.org/10.5194/se-6-839-2015, 2015
Short summary
Short summary
This paper combines fieldwork, ground-penetrating radar (GPR) and remote sensing in the jointed and faulted grabens area of Canyonlands National Park, Utah, USA. GPR profiles show that graben floors are subject to faulting, although the surface shows no scarps. We enhance evidence for the effect of preexisting joints on the formation of dilatant faults and provide a conceptual model for graben evolution. Correlating paleosols from outcrops and GPR adds to estimates of the age of the grabens.
M. Kehl, E. Eckmeier, S. O. Franz, F. Lehmkuhl, J. Soler, N. Soler, K. Reicherter, and G.-C. Weniger
Clim. Past, 10, 1673–1692, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1673-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/cp-10-1673-2014, 2014
B. Wagner, T. Wilke, S. Krastel, G. Zanchetta, R. Sulpizio, K. Reicherter, M. J. Leng, A. Grazhdani, S. Trajanovski, A. Francke, K. Lindhorst, Z. Levkov, A. Cvetkoska, J. M. Reed, X. Zhang, J. H. Lacey, T. Wonik, H. Baumgarten, and H. Vogel
Sci. Dril., 17, 19–29, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-17-19-2014, https://doi.org/10.5194/sd-17-19-2014, 2014
Related subject area
Landslides and Debris Flows Hazards
Simulation analysis of 3D stability of a landslide with a locking segment: a case study of the Tizicao landslide in Maoxian County, southwest China
Space–time landslide hazard modeling via Ensemble Neural Networks
Optimization strategy for flexible barrier structures: investigation and back analysis of a rockfall disaster case in southwestern China
Numerical-model-derived intensity–duration thresholds for early warning of rainfall-induced debris flows in a Himalayan catchment
Slope Unit Maker (SUMak): an efficient and parameter-free algorithm for delineating slope units to improve landslide modeling
Probabilistic Hydrological Estimation of LandSlides (PHELS): global ensemble landslide hazard modelling
Assessing Locations Susceptible to Landslide Initiation During Prolonged Intense Rainfall in the Lares, Utuado, and Naranjito Municipios of Puerto Rico
A new analytical method for stability analysis of rock blocks with basal erosion in sub-horizontal strata by considering the eccentricity effect
Rockfall monitoring with a Doppler radar on an active rockslide complex in Brienz/Brinzauls (Switzerland)
Landslide initiation thresholds in data-sparse regions: application to landslide early warning criteria in Sitka, Alaska, USA
Lessons learnt from a rockfall time series analysis: data collection, statistical analysis, and applications
Evaluation of debris-flow building damage forecasts
Modelling debris flow runout considering grain size distributions of debris flows at the Illgraben, Swiss Alps
The concept of event-size-dependent exhaustion and its application to paraglacial rockslides
Coastal earthquake-induced landslide susceptibility during the 2016 Mw 7.8 Kaikōura earthquake, New Zealand
Characteristics of debris flow prone watersheds and triggering rainstorms following the Tadpole Fire, New Mexico, USA
Assessing Landslide Damming susceptibility in Central Asia
Characteristics of debris flows recorded in the Shenmu area of central Taiwan between 2004 and 2021
Semi-automatic mapping of shallow landslides using free Sentinel-2 images and Google Earth Engine
The role of thermokarst evolution in debris flow initiation (Hüttekar Rock Glacier, Austrian Alps)
Accounting for the effect of forest and fragmentation in probabilistic rockfall hazard
Comprehensive landslide susceptibility map of Central Asia
The influence of large woody debris on post-wildfire debris flow sediment storage
Morphological characteristics and conditions of drainage basins contributing to the formation of debris flow fans: examination of regions with different rock strength using decision tree analysis
Statistical modeling of sediment supply in torrent catchments of the northern French Alps
A data-driven evaluation of post-fire landslide susceptibility
Deciphering seasonal effects of triggering and preparatory precipitation for improved shallow landslide prediction using generalized additive mixed models
Brief communication: The northwest Himalaya towns slipping towards potential disaster
Dynamic response and breakage of trees subject to a landslide-induced air blast
Debris-flow surges of a very active alpine torrent: a field database
Rainfall thresholds estimation for shallow landslides in Peru from gridded daily data
Instantaneous limit equilibrium back analyses of major rockslides triggered during the 2016–2017 central Italy seismic sequence
Deadly disasters in southeastern South America: flash floods and landslides of February 2022 in Petrópolis, Rio de Janeiro
Multi-event assessment of typhoon-triggered landslide susceptibility in the Philippines
Antecedent rainfall as a critical factor for the triggering of debris flows in arid regions
Sensitivity analysis of a built environment exposed to the synthetic monophasic viscous debris flow impacts with 3-D numerical simulations
Characteristics and causes of natural and human-induced landslides in a tropical mountainous region: the rift flank west of Lake Kivu (Democratic Republic of the Congo)
Spatio-temporal analysis of slope-type debris flow activity in Horlachtal, Austria, based on orthophotos and lidar data since 1947
Assessing the relationship between weather conditions and rockfall using terrestrial laser scanning to improve risk management
Using principal component analysis to incorporate multi-layer soil moisture information in hydrometeorological thresholds for landslide prediction: an investigation based on ERA5-Land reanalysis data
Assessing uncertainties in landslide susceptibility predictions in a changing environment (Styrian Basin, Austria)
Brief communication: An autonomous UAV for catchment-wide monitoring of a debris flow torrent
How volcanic stratigraphy constrains headscarp collapse scenarios: the Samperre cliff case study (Martinique island, Lesser Antilles)
Landslide susceptibility assessment in the rocky coast subsystem of Essaouira, Morocco
Landsifier v1.0: a Python library to estimate likely triggers of mapped landslides
Timing landslide and flash flood events from SAR satellite: a regionally applicable methodology illustrated in African cloud-covered tropical environments
Potential of satellite-derived hydro-meteorological information for landslide initiation thresholds in Rwanda
Earthquake-induced landslides in Haiti: analysis of seismotectonic and possible climatic influences
Pre-collapse motion of the February 2021 Chamoli rock–ice avalanche, Indian Himalaya
Physically based modeling of co-seismic landslide, debris flow, and flood cascade
Yuntao Zhou, Xiaoyan Zhao, Guangze Zhang, Bernd Wünnemann, Jiajia Zhang, and Minghui Meng
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 891–906, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-891-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-891-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We developed three rock bridge models to analyze 3D stability and deformation behaviors of the Tizicao landslide and found that the contact surface model with high strength parameters combines advantages of the intact rock mass model in simulating the deformation of slopes with rock bridges and the modeling advantage of the Jennings model. The results help in choosing a rock bridge model to simulate landslide stability and reveal the influence laws of rock bridges on the stability of landslides.
Ashok Dahal, Hakan Tanyas, Cees van Westen, Mark van der Meijde, Paul Martin Mai, Raphaël Huser, and Luigi Lombardo
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 823–845, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-823-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-823-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We propose a modeling approach capable of recognizing slopes that may generate landslides, as well as how large these mass movements may be. This protocol is implemented, tested, and validated with data that change in both space and time via an Ensemble Neural Network architecture.
Li-Ru Luo, Zhi-Xiang Yu, Li-Jun Zhang, Qi Wang, Lin-Xu Liao, and Li Peng
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 631–649, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-631-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-631-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
We performed field investigations on a rockfall near Jiguanshan National Forest Park, Chengdu. Vital information was obtained from an unmanned aerial vehicle survey. A finite element model was created to reproduce the damage evolution. We found that the impact kinetic energy was below the design protection energy. Improper member connections prevent the barrier from producing significant deformation to absorb energy. Damage is avoided by improving the ability of the nets and ropes to slide.
Sudhanshu Dixit, Srikrishnan Siva Subramanian, Piyush Srivastava, Ali P. Yunus, Tapas Ranjan Martha, and Sumit Sen
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 465–480, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-465-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-465-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Rainfall intensity–duration (ID) thresholds can aid in the prediction of natural hazards. Large-scale sediment disasters like landslides, debris flows, and flash floods happen frequently in the Himalayas because of their propensity for intense precipitation events. We provide a new framework that combines the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) model with a regionally distributed numerical model for debris flows to analyse and predict intense rainfall-induced landslides in the Himalayas.
Jacob B. Woodard, Benjamin B. Mirus, Nathan J. Wood, Kate E. Allstadt, Benjamin A. Leshchinsky, and Matthew M. Crawford
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 24, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1-2024, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-24-1-2024, 2024
Short summary
Short summary
Dividing landscapes into hillslopes greatly improves predictions of landslide potential across landscapes, but their scaling is often arbitrarily set and can require significant computing power to delineate. Here, we present a new computer program that can efficiently divide landscapes into meaningful slope units scaled to best capture landslide processes. The results of this work will allow an improved understanding of landslide potential and can help reduce the impacts of landslides worldwide.
Anne Felsberg, Zdenko Heyvaert, Jean Poesen, Thomas Stanley, and Gabriëlle J. M. De Lannoy
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3805–3821, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3805-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3805-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The Probabilistic Hydrological Estimation of LandSlides (PHELS) model combines ensembles of landslide susceptibility and of hydrological predictor variables to provide daily, global ensembles of hazard for hydrologically triggered landslides. Testing different hydrological predictors showed that the combination of rainfall and soil moisture performed best, with the lowest number of missed and false alarms. The ensemble approach allowed the estimation of the associated prediction uncertainty.
Rex L. Baum, Dianne L. Brien, Mark E. Reid, William H. Schulz, and Matthew J. Tello
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-185, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-185, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
We mapped potential for heavy rainfall to cause landslides in part of the central mountains of Puerto Rico using new tools for estimating soil depth and quasi-3D slope stability. Potential ground-failure locations correlate well with the spatial density of landslides from Hurricane Maria. The smooth boundaries of the very high and high ground-failure susceptibility zones enclose 75 and 90 percent, respectively, of observed landslides. The maps can help mitigate ground-failure hazards.
Xushan Shi, Bo Chai, Juan Du, Wei Wang, and Bo Liu
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3425–3443, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A 3D stability analysis method is proposed for biased rockfall with external erosion. Four failure modes are considered according to rockfall evolution processes, including partial damage of underlying soft rock and overall failure of hard rock blocks. This method is validated with the biased rockfalls in the Sichuan Basin, China. The critical retreat ratio from low to moderate rockfall susceptibility is 0.33. This method could facilitate rockfall early identification and risk mitigation.
Marius Schneider, Nicolas Oestreicher, Thomas Ehrat, and Simon Loew
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3337–3354, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3337-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3337-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rockfalls and their hazards are typically treated as statistical events based on rockfall catalogs, but only a few complete rockfall inventories are available today. Here, we present new results from a Doppler radar rockfall alarm system, which has operated since 2018 at a high frequency under all illumination and weather conditions at a site where frequent rockfall events threaten a village and road. The new data set is used to investigate rockfall triggers in an active rockslide complex.
Annette I. Patton, Lisa V. Luna, Joshua J. Roering, Aaron Jacobs, Oliver Korup, and Benjamin B. Mirus
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3261–3284, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3261-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3261-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Landslide warning systems often use statistical models to predict landslides based on rainfall. They are typically trained on large datasets with many landslide occurrences, but in rural areas large datasets may not exist. In this study, we evaluate which statistical model types are best suited to predicting landslides and demonstrate that even a small landslide inventory (five storms) can be used to train useful models for landslide early warning when non-landslide events are also included.
Sandra Melzner, Marco Conedera, Johannes Hübl, and Mauro Rossi
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3079–3093, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3079-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3079-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The estimation of the temporal frequency of the involved rockfall processes is an important part in hazard and risk assessments. Different methods can be used to collect and analyse rockfall data. From a statistical point of view, rockfall datasets are nearly always incomplete. Accurate data collection approaches and the application of statistical methods on existing rockfall data series as reported in this study should be better considered in rockfall hazard and risk assessments in the future.
Katherine R. Barnhart, Christopher R. Miller, Francis K. Rengers, and Jason W. Kean
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1892, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1892, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Debris flows are a type of fast-moving landslide that start from shallow landslides or during intense rain. Infrastructure located downstream of watersheds susceptible to debris flows may be damaged should a debris flow reach them. We present and evaluate an approach to forecast building damage caused by debris flows. We test three alternative models for simulating the motion of debris flows and find that only one can forecast the correct number and spatial pattern of damaged buildings.
Daniel Bolliger, Fritz Schlunegger, and Brian W. McArdell
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-126, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-126, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
We analyzed data from the Illgraben debris flow monitoring station, Switzerland, and we modelled these flows with a debris flow runout model. We found that no correlation exists between the grain size distribution, the mineralogical composition of the matrix, and the debris flow properties. Rather, the flow properties appear to be determined by the flow volume, from which most other parameters can be derived.
Stefan Hergarten
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 3051–3063, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3051-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-3051-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Rockslides are a major hazard in mountainous regions. In formerly glaciated regions, the disposition mainly arises from oversteepened topography and decreases through time. However, little is known about this decrease and thus about the present-day hazard of huge, potentially catastrophic rockslides. This paper presents a new theoretical framework that explains the decrease in maximum rockslide size through time and predicts the present-day frequency of large rockslides for the European Alps.
Colin K. Bloom, Corinne Singeisen, Timothy Stahl, Andrew Howell, Chris Massey, and Dougal Mason
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2987–3013, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2987-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2987-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Landslides are often observed on coastlines following large earthquakes, but few studies have explored this occurrence. Here, statistical modelling of landslides triggered by the 2016 Kaikōura earthquake in New Zealand is used to investigate factors driving coastal earthquake-induced landslides. Geology, steep slopes, and shaking intensity are good predictors of landslides from the Kaikōura event. Steeper slopes close to the coast provide the best explanation for a high landslide density.
Luke A. McGuire, Francis K. Rengers, Ann M. Youberg, Alexander N. Gorr, Olivia J. Hoch, Rebecca Beers, and Ryan Porter
EGUsphere, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1672, https://doi.org/10.5194/egusphere-2023-1672, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Runoff and erosion increase after fire, leading to a greater likelihood of floods and debris flows. We monitored debris flow activity following a fire in western New Mexico, USA, and observed 16 debris flows over a 2+ year monitoring period. Rainstorms with recurrence intervals of approximately 1 year were sufficient to initiate debris flows. All debris flows initiated during the first several months following the fire, indicating a rapid decrease in debris flow susceptibility over time.
Carlo Tacconi Stefanelli, William Frodella, Francesco Caleca, Zhanar Raimbekova, Ruslan Umuralievd, and Veronica Tofani
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-140, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-140, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
Central Asia regions are characterized by active tectonics, high mountains with glaciers and strong rainfall. These predisposing factors make large landslides a serious threat in the area and a source of potential damming scenarios which endanger the population. To prevent this, a semi-automated GIS-based mapping method, centred on a bivariate correlation of morphometric parameters, was applied to spatially assess the rivers obstruction in Central Asia.
Yi-Min Huang
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2649–2662, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2649-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2649-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Debris flows are common hazards in Taiwan, and debris-flow early warning is important for disaster responses. The rainfall thresholds of debris flows are analyzed and determined in terms of rainfall intensity, accumulated rainfall, and rainfall duration, based on case histories in Taiwan. These thresholds are useful for disaster management, and the cases in Taiwan are useful for global debris-flow databases.
Davide Notti, Martina Cignetti, Danilo Godone, and Daniele Giordan
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2625–2648, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2625-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2625-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We developed a cost-effective and user-friendly approach to map shallow landslides using free satellite data. Our methodology involves analysing the pre- and post-event NDVI variation to semi-automatically detect areas potentially affected by shallow landslides (PLs). Additionally, we have created Google Earth Engine scripts to rapidly compute NDVI differences and time series of affected areas. Datasets and codes are stored in an open data repository for improvement by the scientific community.
Simon Seelig, Thomas Wagner, Karl Krainer, Michael Avian, Marc Olefs, Klaus Haslinger, and Gerfried Winkler
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2547–2568, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2547-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2547-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A rapid sequence of cascading events involving thermokarst lake outburst, rock glacier front failure, debris flow development, and river blockage hit an alpine valley in Austria during summer 2019. We analyze the environmental conditions initiating the process chain and identify the rapid evolution of a thermokarst channel network as the main driver. Our results highlight the need to account for permafrost degradation in debris flow hazard assessment studies.
Camilla Lanfranconi, Paolo Frattini, Gianluca Sala, Giuseppe Dattola, Davide Bertolo, Juanjuan Sun, and Giovanni Battista Crosta
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2349–2363, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2349-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2349-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This paper presents a study on rockfall dynamics and hazard, examining the impact of the presence of trees along slope and block fragmentation. We compared rockfall simulations that explicitly model the presence of trees and fragmentation with a classical approach that accounts for these phenomena in model parameters (both the hazard and the kinetic energy change). We also used a non-parametric probabilistic rockfall hazard analysis method for hazard mapping.
Ascanio Rosi, William Frodella, Nicola Nocentini, Francesco Caleca, Hans Balder Havenith, Alexander Strom, Mirzo Saidov, Gany Amirgalievich Bimurzaev, and Veronica Tofani
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2229–2250, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2229-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2229-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This work was carried out within the Strengthening Financial Resilience and Accelerating Risk Reduction in Central Asia (SFRARR) project and is focused on the first landslide susceptibility analysis at a regional scale for Central Asia. The most detailed available landslide inventories were implemented in a random forest model. The final aim was to provide a useful tool for reduction strategies to landslide scientists, practitioners, and administrators.
Francis K. Rengers, Luke A. McGuire, Katherine R. Barnhart, Ann M. Youberg, Daniel Cadol, Alexander N. Gorr, Olivia J. Hoch, Rebecca Beers, and Jason W. Kean
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 2075–2088, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2075-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-2075-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Debris flows often occur after wildfires. These debris flows move water, sediment, and wood. The wood can get stuck in channels, creating a dam that holds boulders, cobbles, sand, and muddy material. We investigated how the channel width and wood length influenced how much sediment is stored. We also used a series of equations to back calculate the debris flow speed using the breaking threshold of wood. These data will help improve models and provide insight into future field investigations.
Ken'ichi Koshimizu, Satoshi Ishimaru, Fumitoshi Imaizumi, and Gentaro Kawakami
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci. Discuss., https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-24, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-2023-24, 2023
Revised manuscript accepted for NHESS
Short summary
Short summary
Morphological conditions of drainage basins that classify the presence or absence of debris flow fans were analyzed in areas with different rock strength using decision tree analysis. The relief ratio is the most important morphological factor regardless of the geology. However, the thresholds of morphological parameters needed for forming debris flow fans differs depending on the geology. Decision tree analysis is an effective tool for evaluating the debris flow risk for each geology.
Maxime Morel, Guillaume Piton, Damien Kuss, Guillaume Evin, and Caroline Le Bouteiller
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1769–1787, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1769-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1769-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In mountain catchments, damage during floods is generally primarily driven by the supply of a massive amount of sediment. Predicting how much sediment can be delivered by frequent and infrequent events is thus important in hazard studies. This paper uses data gathered during the maintenance operation of about 100 debris retention basins to build simple equations aiming at predicting sediment supply from simple parameters describing the upstream catchment.
Elsa S. Culler, Ben Livneh, Balaji Rajagopalan, and Kristy F. Tiampo
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1631–1652, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1631-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1631-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Landslides have often been observed in the aftermath of wildfires. This study explores regional patterns in the rainfall that caused landslides both after fires and in unburned locations. In general, landslides that occur after fires are triggered by less rainfall, confirming that fire helps to set the stage for landslides. However, there are regional differences in the ways in which fire impacts landslides, such as the size and direction of shifts in the seasonality of landslides after fires.
Stefan Steger, Mateo Moreno, Alice Crespi, Peter James Zellner, Stefano Luigi Gariano, Maria Teresa Brunetti, Massimo Melillo, Silvia Peruccacci, Francesco Marra, Robin Kohrs, Jason Goetz, Volkmar Mair, and Massimiliano Pittore
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1483–1506, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1483-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1483-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We present a novel data-driven modelling approach to determine season-specific critical precipitation conditions for landslide occurrence. It is shown that the amount of precipitation required to trigger a landslide in South Tyrol varies from season to season. In summer, a higher amount of preparatory precipitation is required to trigger a landslide, probably due to denser vegetation and higher temperatures. We derive dynamic thresholds that directly relate to hit rates and false-alarm rates.
Yaspal Sundriyal, Vipin Kumar, Neha Chauhan, Sameeksha Kaushik, Rahul Ranjan, and Mohit Kumar Punia
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1425–1431, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1425-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1425-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The NW Himalaya has been one of the most affected terrains of the Himalaya, subject to disastrous landslides. This article focuses on two towns (Joshimath and Bhatwari) of the NW Himalaya, which have been witnessing subsidence for decades. We used a slope stability simulation to determine the response of the hillslopes accommodating these towns under various loading conditions. We found that the maximum displacement in these hillslopes might reach up to 20–25 m.
Yu Zhuang, Aiguo Xing, Perry Bartelt, Muhammad Bilal, and Zhaowei Ding
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1257–1266, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1257-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1257-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Tree destruction is often used to back calculate the air blast impact region and to estimate the air blast power. Here we established a novel model to assess air blast power using tree destruction information. We find that the dynamic magnification effect makes the trees easier to damage by a landslide-induced air blast, but the large tree deformation would weaken the effect. Bending and overturning are two likely failure modes, which depend heavily on the properties of trees.
Suzanne Lapillonne, Firmin Fontaine, Frédéric Liebault, Vincent Richefeu, and Guillaume Piton
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1241–1256, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1241-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1241-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Debris flows are fast flows most often found in torrential watersheds. They are composed of two phases: a liquid phase which can be mud-like and a granular phase, including large boulders, transported along with the flow. Due to their destructive nature, accessing features of the flow, such as velocity and flow height, is difficult. We present a protocol to analyse debris flow data and results of the Réal torrent in France. These results will help experts in designing models.
Carlos Millán-Arancibia and Waldo Lavado-Casimiro
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1191–1206, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1191-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1191-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This study is the first approximation of regional rainfall thresholds for shallow landslide occurrence in Peru. This research was generated from a gridded precipitation data and landslide inventory. The analysis showed that the threshold based on the combination of mean daily intensity–duration variables gives the best results for separating rainfall events that generate landslides. Through this work the potential of thresholds for landslide monitoring at the regional scale is demonstrated.
Luca Verrucci, Giovanni Forte, Melania De Falco, Paolo Tommasi, Giuseppe Lanzo, Kevin W. Franke, and Antonio Santo
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1177–1190, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1177-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1177-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Stability analyses in static and seismic conditions were performed on four rockslides that occurred during the main shocks of the 2016–2017 central Italy seismic sequence. These results also indicate that specific structural features of the slope must carefully be accounted for in evaluating potential hazards on transportation infrastructures in mountainous regions.
Enner Alcântara, José A. Marengo, José Mantovani, Luciana R. Londe, Rachel Lau Yu San, Edward Park, Yunung Nina Lin, Jingyu Wang, Tatiana Mendes, Ana Paula Cunha, Luana Pampuch, Marcelo Seluchi, Silvio Simões, Luz Adriana Cuartas, Demerval Goncalves, Klécia Massi, Regina Alvalá, Osvaldo Moraes, Carlos Souza Filho, Rodolfo Mendes, and Carlos Nobre
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1157–1175, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1157-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1157-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
The municipality of Petrópolis (approximately 305 687 inhabitants) is nestled in the mountains 68 km outside the city of Rio de Janeiro. On 15 February 2022, the city of Petrópolis in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, received an unusually high volume of rain within 3 h (258 mm). This resulted in flash floods and subsequent landslides that caused 231 fatalities, the deadliest landslide disaster recorded in Petrópolis. This work shows how the disaster was triggered.
Joshua N. Jones, Georgina L. Bennett, Claudia Abancó, Mark A. M. Matera, and Fibor J. Tan
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1095–1115, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1095-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1095-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We modelled where landslides occur in the Philippines using landslide data from three typhoon events in 2009, 2018, and 2019. These models show where landslides occurred within the landscape. By comparing the different models, we found that the 2019 landslides were occurring all across the landscape, whereas the 2009 and 2018 landslides were mostly occurring at specific slope angles and aspects. This shows that landslide susceptibility must be considered variable through space and time.
Shalev Siman-Tov and Francesco Marra
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 1079–1093, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1079-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-1079-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
Debris flows represent a threat to infrastructure and the population. In arid areas, they are observed when heavy rainfall hits steep slopes with sediments. Here, we use digital surface models and radar rainfall data to detect and characterize the triggering and non-triggering rainfall conditions. We find that rainfall intensity alone is insufficient to explain the triggering. We suggest that antecedent rainfall could represent a critical factor for debris flow triggering in arid regions.
Xun Huang, Zhijian Zhang, and Guoping Xiang
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 871–889, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-871-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-871-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
A sensitivity analysis on the building impact force resulting from the representative built environment parameters is executed through the FLOW-3D model. The surrounding buildings' properties, especially the azimuthal angle, have been confirmed to play significant roles in determining the peak impact forces. The single and combined effects of built environments are analyzed in detail. This will improve understanding of vulnerability assessment and migration design against debris flow hazards.
Jean-Claude Maki Mateso, Charles L. Bielders, Elise Monsieurs, Arthur Depicker, Benoît Smets, Théophile Tambala, Luc Bagalwa Mateso, and Olivier Dewitte
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 643–666, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-643-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-643-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
This research highlights the importance of human activities on the occurrence of landslides and the need to consider this context when studying hillslope instability patterns in regions under anthropogenic pressure. Also, this study highlights the importance of considering the timing of landslides and hence the added value of using historical information for compiling an inventory.
Jakob Rom, Florian Haas, Tobias Heckmann, Moritz Altmann, Fabian Fleischer, Camillo Ressl, Sarah Betz-Nutz, and Michael Becht
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 601–622, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-601-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-601-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In this study, an area-wide slope-type debris flow record has been established for Horlachtal, Austria, since 1947 based on historical and recent remote sensing data. Spatial and temporal analyses show variations in debris flow activity in space and time in a high-alpine region. The results can contribute to a better understanding of past slope-type debris flow dynamics in the context of extreme precipitation events and their possible future development.
Tom Birien and Francis Gauthier
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 343–360, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-343-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-343-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
On highly fractured rockwalls such as those found in northern Gaspésie, most rockfalls are triggered by weather conditions. This study highlights that in winter, rockfall frequency is 12 times higher during a superficial thaw than during a cold period in which temperature remains below 0 °C. In summer, rockfall frequency is 22 times higher during a heavy rainfall event than during a mainly dry period. This knowledge could be used to implement a risk management strategy.
Nunziarita Palazzolo, David J. Peres, Enrico Creaco, and Antonino Cancelliere
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 279–291, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-279-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-279-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
We propose an approach exploiting PCA to derive hydrometeorological landslide-triggering thresholds using multi-layered soil moisture data from ERA5-Land reanalysis. Comparison of thresholds based on single- and multi-layered soil moisture information provides a means to identify the significance of multi-layered data for landslide triggering in a region. In Sicily, the proposed approach yields thresholds with a higher performance than traditional precipitation-based ones (TSS = 0.71 vs. 0.50).
Raphael Knevels, Helene Petschko, Herwig Proske, Philip Leopold, Aditya N. Mishra, Douglas Maraun, and Alexander Brenning
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 23, 205–229, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-205-2023, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-23-205-2023, 2023
Short summary
Short summary
In summer 2009 and 2014, rainfall events occurred in the Styrian Basin (Austria), triggering thousands of landslides. Landslide storylines help to show potential future changes under changing environmental conditions. The often neglected uncertainty quantification was the aim of this study. We found uncertainty arising from the landslide model to be of the same order as climate scenario uncertainty. Understanding the dimensions of uncertainty is crucial for allowing informed decision-making.
Fabian Walter, Elias Hodel, Erik S. Mannerfelt, Kristen Cook, Michael Dietze, Livia Estermann, Michaela Wenner, Daniel Farinotti, Martin Fengler, Lukas Hammerschmidt, Flavia Hänsli, Jacob Hirschberg, Brian McArdell, and Peter Molnar
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 4011–4018, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-4011-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-4011-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Debris flows are dangerous sediment–water mixtures in steep terrain. Their formation takes place in poorly accessible terrain where instrumentation cannot be installed. Here we propose to monitor such source terrain with an autonomous drone for mapping sediments which were left behind by debris flows or may contribute to future events. Short flight intervals elucidate changes of such sediments, providing important information for landscape evolution and the likelihood of future debris flows.
Marc Peruzzetto, Yoann Legendre, Aude Nachbaur, Thomas J. B. Dewez, Yannick Thiery, Clara Levy, and Benoit Vittecoq
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3973–3992, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3973-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3973-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Volcanic edifices result from successive construction and dismantling phases. Thus, the geological units forming volcanoes display complex geometries. We show that such geometries can be reconstructed thanks to aerial views, topographic surveys and photogrammetric models. In our case study of the Samperre cliff (Martinique, Lesser Antilles), it allows us to link destabilizations from a rocky cliff to the existence of a filled paleo-valley and estimate a potentially unstable volume.
Abdellah Khouz, Jorge Trindade, Sérgio C. Oliveira, Fatima El Bchari, Blaid Bougadir, Ricardo A. C. Garcia, and Mourad Jadoud
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3793–3814, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3793-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3793-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The aim of this study was to assess the landslide susceptibility of the rocky coast of Essaouira using the information value model. The resulting susceptibility maps could be used for both environmental protection and general planning of future development activities.
Kamal Rana, Nishant Malik, and Ugur Ozturk
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3751–3764, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3751-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3751-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
The landslide hazard models assist in mitigating losses due to landslides. However, these models depend on landslide databases, which often have missing triggering information, rendering these databases unusable for landslide hazard models. In this work, we developed a Python library, Landsifier, consisting of three different methods to identify the triggers of landslides. These methods can classify landslide triggers with high accuracy using only a landslide polygon shapefile as an input.
Axel A. J. Deijns, Olivier Dewitte, Wim Thiery, Nicolas d'Oreye, Jean-Philippe Malet, and François Kervyn
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3679–3700, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3679-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3679-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Landslides and flash floods are rainfall-induced processes that often co-occur and interact, generally very quickly. In mountainous cloud-covered environments, determining when these processes occur remains challenging. We propose a regional methodology using open-access satellite radar images that allow for the timing of landslide and flash floods events, in the contrasting landscapes of tropical Africa, with an accuracy of up to a few days. The methodology shows potential for transferability.
Judith Uwihirwe, Alessia Riveros, Hellen Wanjala, Jaap Schellekens, Frederiek Sperna Weiland, Markus Hrachowitz, and Thom A. Bogaard
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3641–3661, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3641-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3641-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
This study compared gauge-based and satellite-based precipitation products. Similarly, satellite- and hydrological model-derived soil moisture was compared to in situ soil moisture and used in landslide hazard assessment and warning. The results reveal the cumulative 3 d rainfall from the NASA-GPM to be the most effective landslide trigger. The modelled antecedent soil moisture in the root zone was the most informative hydrological variable for landslide hazard assessment and warning in Rwanda.
Hans-Balder Havenith, Kelly Guerrier, Romy Schlögel, Anika Braun, Sophia Ulysse, Anne-Sophie Mreyen, Karl-Henry Victor, Newdeskarl Saint-Fleur, Léna Cauchie, Dominique Boisson, and Claude Prépetit
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3361–3384, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3361-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3361-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
We present a new landslide inventory for the 2021, M 7.2, Haiti, earthquake. We compare characteristics of this inventory with those of the 2010 seismically induced landslides, highlighting the much larger total area of 2021 landslides. This fact could be related to the larger earthquake magnitude in 2021, to the more central location of the fault segment ruptured in 2021 with respect to coastal zones, and/or to possible climatic preconditioning of slope failures in the 2021 affected area.
Maximillian Van Wyk de Vries, Shashank Bhushan, Mylène Jacquemart, César Deschamps-Berger, Etienne Berthier, Simon Gascoin, David E. Shean, Dan H. Shugar, and Andreas Kääb
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3309–3327, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3309-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3309-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
On 7 February 2021, a large rock–ice avalanche occurred in Chamoli, Indian Himalaya. The resulting debris flow swept down the nearby valley, leaving over 200 people dead or missing. We use a range of satellite datasets to investigate how the collapse area changed prior to collapse. We show that signs of instability were visible as early 5 years prior to collapse. However, it would likely not have been possible to predict the timing of the event from current satellite datasets.
Bastian van den Bout, Chenxiao Tang, Cees van Westen, and Victor Jetten
Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 22, 3183–3209, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3183-2022, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-22-3183-2022, 2022
Short summary
Short summary
Natural hazards such as earthquakes, landslides, and flooding do not always occur as stand-alone events. After the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake, a co-seismic landslide blocked a stream in Hongchun. Two years later, a debris flow breached the material, blocked the Min River, and resulted in flooding of a small town. We developed a multi-process model that captures the full cascade. Despite input and process uncertainties, probability of flooding was high due to topography and trigger intensities.
Cited articles
Ahmad, A. and Quegan, S.: Analysis of Maximum Likelihood Classification on
Multispectral Data, Appl. Math. Sci., 6, 6425–6436,
https://doi.org/10.12988/ams.2013.34214, 2012.
Ahmed, B.: Landslide susceptibility mapping using multi-criteria evaluation
techniques in Chittagong Metropolitan Area, Bangladesh, Landslides, 12,
1077–1095, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-014-0521-x, 2015.
Ahmed, M. F., Rogers, J. D., and Ismail, E. H.: A regional level preliminary
landslide susceptibility study of the upper indus river basin, Eur. J. Remote
Sens., 47, 343–373, https://doi.org/10.5721/EuJRS20144721, 2014.
Akgun, A., Dag, S., and Bulut, F.: Landslide susceptibility mapping for a
landslide-prone area (Findikli, NE of Turkey) by likelihood-frequency ratio
and weighted linear combination models, Environ. Geol., 54, 1127–1143,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-007-0882-8, 2008.
Ali, S., Schneiderwind, S., and Reicherter, K.: Advancing Culture of Living
with Landslides, edited by: Mikoš, M., Casagli, N., Yin, Y., and Sassa,
K., Springer International Publishing, Cham, Switzerland, 2017.
Ambraseys, N., Lensen, G., Moinfart, A., and Penningtons, W.: The Pattan
(Pakistan) earthquake of 28 December 1974: field observations The
earliesknownt earthquakes of the Northwest Frontier Provinces (NWFP)
Geological and tectonic setting Evidence of regional Quarternary and Recent
movements, Q. J. Eng. Geol. Hydrogeol., 14, 1–16, 1981.
Arizapa, J. L., Combalicer, E. A., and Tiburan, C. J. L.: Landslide
Susceptibility Mapping of Pagsanjan – Lumban Watershed using GIS and
Analytical Hierarchy Process, Ecosyst. Dev. J., 5, 23–32, 2015.
Ayalew, L., Yamagishi, H., and Ugawa, N.: Landslide susceptibility mapping
using GIS-based weighted linear combination, the case in Tsugawa area of
Agano River, Niigata Prefecture, Japan, Landslides, 1, 73–81,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10346-003-0006-9, 2004.
Ayalew, L., Yamagishi, H., Marui, H. and Kanno, T.: Landslides in Sado Island
of Japan: Part II. GIS-based susceptibility mapping with comparisons of
results from two methods and verifications, Eng. Geol., 81, 432–445,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.enggeo.2005.08.004, 2005.
Bacha, A. S., Shafique, M., and van der Werff, H.: Landslide inventory and
susceptibility modelling using geospatial tools, in Hunza-Nagar valley,
northern Pakistan, J. Mt. Sci., 15, 1354–1370,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11629-017-4697-0, 2018.
Bachri, S. and Shresta, R. P.: Landslide hazard assessment using analytic
hierarchy processing (AHP) and geographic information system in Kaligesing
mountain area of Central Java Province Indonesia, 5th Annu. Int. Work. Expo
on Sumatra Tsunami Disaster Recover, 23–24 November 2010, Banda Aceh,
Indonesia, 2010.
Barchi, M., Brozzetti, F., and Lavecchia, G.: Analisi strutturale egeometrica
dei bacini della media valle del Tevere e dellavalle umbra, Boll. Soc. Geol.
Ital., 110, 65–76, 1993.
Basharat, M., Shah, H. R., and Hameed, N.: Landslide susceptibility mapping
using GIS and weighted overlay method: a case study from NW Himalayas,
Pakistan, Arab, J. Geosci., 9, 1–19, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12517-016-2308-y, 2016.
Bishop, M. P., Shroder, J. F., Bonk, R., and Olsenholler, J.: Geomorphic
change in high mountains: A western Himalayan perspective, Global Planet.
Change, 32, 311–329, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0921-8181(02)00073-5, 2002.
Brenning, A.: Spatial prediction models for landslide hazards: review,
comparison and evaluation, Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 5, 853–862,
https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-5-853-2005, 2005.
Burg, J. P., Jagoutz, O., Dawood, H., and Shahid Hussain, S.: Precollision
tilt of crustal blocks in rifted island arcs: Structural evidence from the
Kohistan Arc, Tectonics, 25, 1–13, https://doi.org/10.1029/2005TC001835, 2006.
Butt, A., Shabbir, R., Ahmad, S. S., and Aziz, N.: Land use change mapping
and analysis using Remote Sensing and GIS: A case study of Simly watershed,
Islamabad, Pakistan, Egypt. J. Remote Sens. Sp. Sci., 18, 251–259,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2015.07.003, 2015.
Canuti, P., Garduño, V. H., Garzonio, C. A., and Iotti, A.: Slope
evolution and mass movements in the Mt. Amiata region (Tuscany, Italy), in:
International Workshop on environmental Volcanology, 35–36, Riassunto, 1993.
Cardinali, M., Galli, M., Guzzetti, F., Reichenbach, P., and Borri, G.:
Relazioniframovimenti diversantee fenomenitettonicinel bacino del Torrente
Carpina (Umbria settentrionale), Geogr. Fis. eDinamica Quat., 17, 3–17,
1994.
Cardinali, M., Ardizzone, F., Galli, M., Guzzetti, F., and Reichenbach, P.:
Landslides triggered by rapid snow melting: the December 1996–January 1997
event in Central Italy, in: Proceedings Plinius Conference '99,
14–16 October 1999, Maratea, Italy, 439–448, 2000.
Coco, L. and Buccolini, M.: The Effect of Morphometry, Land-use and Lithology
on Landslides Susceptibility: An Exploratory Analysis, IOS Press, 779–784,
https://doi.org/10.3233/978-1-61499-580-7-779, 2015.
Deng, X., Li, L., and Tan, Y.: Validation of Spatial Prediction Models for
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping by Considering Structural Similarity, ISPRS
Int. J. Geo-Information, 6, 103, https://doi.org/10.3390/ijgi6040103, 2017.
Derbyshire, E., Fort, M., and Owen, L. A.: Geomorphological hazards along the
Karakoram Highway: Khunjerab Pass to the Gilgit River, northernmost Pakistan,
Erdkunde, 55, 49–71, https://doi.org/10.3112/erdkunde.2001.01.04, 2001.
Ding, L., Qasim, M., Jadoon, I. A. K., Khan, M. A., Xu, Q., Cai, F., Wang,
H., Baral, U., and Yue, Y.: The India–Asia collision in north Pakistan:
Insight from the U-Pb detrital zircon provenance of Cenozoic foreland basin,
Earth Planet. Sc. Lett., 455, 49–61, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.epsl.2016.09.003, 2016.
DiPietro, J. A. and Pogue, K. R.: Tectonostratigraphic subdivisions of the
Himalaya: A view from the west, Tectonics, 23, TC5001,
https://doi.org/10.1029/2003TC001554, 2004.
Dramis, F., Garzonio, C. A., Leoperdi, S., Nanni, T., Pontoni, F., and
Rainone, M. L.: Damage due to landslides in the ancient village of Sirolo
(Marche, Italy): preliminary analysis of risk mitigation on the historical
site., in: Int. Symp. Eng. Geol. of Ancient Work, Monuments and Historical
Sites, 19–23 September 1988, Athens, Greece, 1988.
Ellen, S. D., Mark, R. K., Cannon, S. H., and Knifong, D. L.: Map of
Debris-flow Hazard in the Honolulu District of Oahu, Hawaii, U.S. Geological
Survey, Washington, D.C., USA, 1993.
Escape, C. M., Alemania, M. K., Luzon, P. K., and Felix, R.: Comparison of
various remote sensing classification methods for landslide detection using
ArcGIS, UP NOAH Cent, available at:
https://center.noah.up.edu.ph/comparison-of-various-remote-sensing-classification-methods-for-landslide-detection-using-arcgis/
(last access: 5 March 2017), 2013.
Fawcett, T.: An introduction to ROC analysis, Pattern Recognit. Lett., 27,
861–874, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.patrec.2005.10.010, 2006.
Fayaz, A., Latif, M., and Khan, K. S. A.: Landslide Evaluation and
Stabilization Between Gilgit ans Thakot Along the Karakoram Highway,
Geological Survey of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan, 1985.
Fressard, M., Thiery, Y., and Maquaire, O.: Which data for quantitative
landslide susceptibility mapping at operational scale? Case study of the Pays
d'Auge plateau hillslopes (Normandy, France), Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci.,
14, 569–588, https://doi.org/10.5194/nhess-14-569-2014, 2014.
Google Earth Pro: Jijal, Pakistan (October 18, 2014).
35∘2′39.38′′ N, 72∘56′22.80′′ E, Eye alt 3.40 km,
2019 CNES/Airbus, available at: https://www.google.com/earth/, last
access: 9 June 2017a.
Google Earth Pro: Raikot Bridge, Pakistan (October 18, 2014).
35∘28′6.88′′ N, 74∘32′57.44′′ E, Eye alt 5.74 km,
2019 CNES/Airbus, available at: https://www.google.com/earth/, last
access: 9 June 2017b.
Google Earth Pro: Attabad, Pakistan (October 18, 2014).
36∘17′33.18′′ N, 74∘46′29.82′′ E, Eye alt
11.69 km, 2019 Digit. Globe, available at:
https://www.google.com/earth/, last access: 9 June 2017c.
Goudie, A. S., Brunsden, D., Collins, D. N., Derbyshire, E., Ferguson, R. I.,
Hashnet, Z., Jones, D. K. C., Per-Rott, F. A., Said, M., Waters, R. S., and
Whalley, W. B.: The geomorphology of the Hunza Valley, Karakoram mountains,
Pakistan, Int. Karakoram-Project, 2, 359–411, 1984.
Guzzetti, F., Carrara, A., Cardinali, M., and Reichenbach, P.: Landslide
hazard evaluation: A review of current techniques and their application in a
multi-scale study, Central Italy, Geomorphology, 31, 181–216,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(99)00078-1, 1999.
Guzzetti, F., Cardinali, M., Reichenbach, P., and Carrara, A.: Comparing
landslide maps: A case study in the upper Tiber River basin, central Italy,
Environ. Manage., 25, 247–263, https://doi.org/10.1007/s002679910020, 2000.
Guzzetti, F., Mondini, A. C., Cardinali, M., Fiorucci, F., Santangelo, M.,
and Chang, K. T.: Landslide inventory maps: New tools for an old problem,
Earth-Sci. Rev., 112, 42–66, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.earscirev.2012.02.001, 2012.
Hewitt, K.: Catastrophic landslides and their effects on the Upper Indus
streams, Karakoram Himalaya, northern Pakistan, Geomorphology, 26, 47–80,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(98)00051-8, 1998.
Hu, X. and Cruden, D.: Buckling deformation in the Highwood Pass, Alberta,
Can. Geotech. J., 30, 276–286, 1993.
Intarawichian, N. and Dasananda, S.: Analytical hierarchy process for
landslide susceptibility mapping in lower Mae Chaem watershed, Northern
Thailand, Suranaree J. Sci. Technol., 17, 277–292, 2010.
Jade, S.: Estimates of plate velocity and crustal deformation in the Indian
subcontinent using GPS geodesy, Curr. Sci., 86, 1443–1448, 2004.
Kamp, U., Growley, B. J., Khattak, G. A., and Owen, L. A.: GIS-based
landslide susceptibility mapping for the 2005 Kashmir earthquake region,
Geomorphology, 101, 631–642, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2008.03.003, 2008.
Kanwal, S., Atif, S., and Shafiq, M.: GIS based landslide susceptibility
mapping of northern areas of Pakistan, a case study of Shigar and Shyok
Basins, Geomat. Nat. Haz. Risk, 5705, 1–19,
https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2016.1220023, 2016.
Kartiko, R. D., Brahmantyo, B., and Sadisun, I. A.: Slope and Lithological
Controls on Landslide Distribution in West, in: International Symposium on
Geotechnical Hazards: Prevention, Mitigation and Engineering Response, Utomo,
Tohari, Murdohardono, Sadisun, April 2006, Yogyakarta, Indonesia, 177–184,
2006.
Khan, H., Shafique, M., Khan, M. A., Bacha, M. A., Shah, S. U., and
Calligaris, C.: Landslide susceptibility assessment using Frequency Ratio, a
case study of northern Pakistan, Egypt. J. Remote Sens. Sp. Sci., 22, 11–24,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ejrs.2018.03.004, 2018.
Khan, K. S. A., Fayaz, A., Latif, M., and Wazir, A. K.: Rock and Debris
Slides Between Khunjrab Pass and Gilgit along the Karakoram Highway,
Geological Survey of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan, 1986.
Khan, K. S. A., Latif, M., Fayaz, A., Khan, N. A., and Khan, S. Z.:
Geological Roadlog along the Karakorum Highway from Islamabad to Khunjrab
Pass, Geological Survey of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan, 2000.
Khan, K. S. A., Fayaz, A., Hussain, M., and Latif, M.: Landslides Problems
and Their Mitigation along the Karakoram Highway, 1st ed., Geological Survey
of Pakistan, Islamabad, Pakistan, 2003.
Khan, M. A., Jan, M. Q., Windley, B. F., Tarney, J., and Thirlwall, M. F.:
The Chilas mafic-ultramafic igneous complex; the root of the Kohistan island
arc in the Himalaya of northern Pakistan, Geol. Soc. Am. Spec. Pap., 232,
75–94, 1989.
Komac, M.: A landslide susceptibility model using the Analytical Hierarchy
Process method and multivariate statistics in perialpine Slovenia,
Geomorphology, 74, 17–28, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2005.07.005, 2006.
Lee, S.: Application of logistic regression model and its validation for
landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS and remote sensing data, Int. J.
Remote Sens., 26, 1477–1491, https://doi.org/10.1080/01431160412331331012, 2005.
Lee, S., Chwae, U., and Min, K.: Landslide susceptibility mapping by
correlation between topography and geological structure: The Janghung area,
Korea, Geomorphology, 46, 149–162, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0169-555X(02)00057-0, 2002.
Lee, S., Ryu, J.-H., Won, J.-S., and Park, H.-J.: Determination and
application of the weights for landslide susceptibility mapping using an
artificial neural network, Eng. Geol., 71, 289–302,
https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(03)00142-X, 2004.
Malek, Ž., Zumpano, V., Schröter, D., Glade, T., Balteanu, D., and
Micu, M.: Scenarios of land cover change and landslide susceptibility: An
example from the buzau subcarpathians, romania, Eng. Geol. Soc. Territ., 5,
743–746, https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-09048-1_144, 2015.
MonaLisa, Khwaja, A. A., Jan, M. Q., Yeats, R. S., Hussain, A., and Khan, S.
A.: New data on the Indus Kohistan seismic zone and its extension into the
Hazara-Kashmir Syntaxis, NW Himalayas of Pakistan, J. Seismol., 13, 339–361,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s10950-008-9117-z, 2009.
Nilsen, T. H., Wright, R. H., Vlasic, T. C., and Spangle, W.: Relative slope
stability and land-use planning. Selected examples from the San Francisco Bay
region, California., US Geol. Surv. Prof. Pap., 944, 1–96, available at:
http://www.scopus.com/inward/record.url?eid=2-s2.0-0018731268&partnerID=tZOtx3y1
(last access: 11 July 2017), 1979.
Ohlmacher, G. C. and Davis, J. C.: Using multiple logistic regression and GIS
technology to predict landslide hazard in northeast Kansas, USA, Eng. Geol.,
69, 331–343, https://doi.org/10.1016/S0013-7952(03)00069-3, 2003.
Park, S., Choi, C., Kim, B., and Kim, J.: Landslide susceptibility mapping
using frequency ratio, analytic hierarchy process, logistic regression, and
artificial neural network methods at the Inje area, Korea, Environ. Earth
Sci., 68, 1443–1464, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-012-1842-5, 2013.
Pourghasemi, H. R. and Rossi, M.: Landslide susceptibility modeling in a
landslide prone area in Mazandarn Province, north of Iran: a comparison
between GLM, GAM, MARS, and M-AHP methods, Theor. Appl. Climatol., 130,
609–633, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00704-016-1919-2, 2017.
Pourghasemi, H. R., Pradhan, B., and Gokceoglu, C.: Application of fuzzy
logic and analytical hierarchy process (AHP) to landslide susceptibility
mapping at Haraz watershed, Iran, Nat. Hazards, 63, 965–996,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-012-0217-2, 2012.
Pourghasemi, H. R., Beheshtirad, M., and Pradhan, B.: A comparative
assessment of prediction capabilities of modified analytical hierarchy
process (M-AHP) and Mamdani fuzzy logic models using Netcad-GIS for forest
fire susceptibility mapping, Geomat. Nat. Haz. Risk, 7, 861–885,
https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2014.984247, 2016.
Pradhan, B., Lee, S., and Buchroithner, M. F.: Remote Sensing and GIS-based
Landslide Susceptibility Analysis and its Cross-validation in Three Test
Areas Using a Frequency Ratio Model, Photogramm. Fernerkun., 2010, 17–32,
https://doi.org/10.1127/1432-8364/2010/0037, 2010.
Rahim, I., Ali, S. M., and Aslam, M.: GIS Based Landslide Susceptibility
Mapping with Application of Analytical Hierarchy Process in District Ghizer,
Gilgit Baltistan Pakistan, J. Geosci. Environ. Prot., 06, 34–49,
https://doi.org/10.4236/gep.2018.62003, 2018.
Reichenbach, P., Busca, C., Mondini, A. C., and Rossi, M.: The Influence of
Land Use Change on Landslide Susceptibility Zonation: The Briga Catchment
Test Site (Messina, Italy), Environ. Manage., 54, 1372–1384,
https://doi.org/10.1007/s00267-014-0357-0, 2014.
Reis, S.: Analyzing land use/land cover changes using remote sensing and GIS
in Rize, North-East Turkey, Sensors, 8, 6188–6202, https://doi.org/10.3390/s8106188,
2008.
Restrepo, C. and Alvarez, N.: Landslides and their contribution to land-cover
change in the mountains of Mexico and Central America, Biotropica, 38,
446–457, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1744-7429.2006.00178.x, 2006.
Roslee, R., Mickey, A. C., Simon, N., and Norhisham, M. N.: Landslide
Susceptibility Analysis (Lsa) Using Weighted Overlay Method (Wom) Along the
Genting Sempah To Bentong Highway, Pahang, Malays. J. Geosci., 1, 13–19,
https://doi.org/10.26480/mjg.02.2017.13.19, 2017.
Rozos, D., Bathrellos, G. D., and Skillodimou, H. D.: Comparison of the
implementation of rock engineering system and analytic hierarchy process
methods, upon landslide susceptibility mapping, using GIS: A case study from
the Eastern Achaia County of Peloponnesus, GREECE, Environ. Earth Sci., 63,
49–63, https://doi.org/10.1007/s12665-010-0687-z, 2011.
Ruff, M. and Czurda, K.: Landslide susceptibility analysis with a heuristic
approach in the Eastern Alps (Vorarlberg, Austria), Geomorphology, 94,
314–324, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.geomorph.2006.10.032, 2008.
Rwanga, S. S. and Ndambuki, J. M.: Accuracy Assessment of Land Use/Land Cover
Classification Using Remote Sensing and GIS, Int. J. Geosci., 08, 611–622,
https://doi.org/10.4236/ijg.2017.84033, 2017.
Saaty, R. W.: The analytic hierarchy process-what it is and how it is used,
Math. Model., 9, 161–176, https://doi.org/10.1016/0270-0255(87)90473-8, 1987.
Saaty, T. L.: How to make a decision: The analytic hierarchy process, Eur. J.
Oper. Res., 48, 9–26, https://doi.org/10.1016/0377-2217(90)90057-I, 1990.
Sarkar, S. and Kanungo, D. P.: An integrated approach for landslide
susceptibility mapping using remote sensing and GIS, Photogramm. Eng. Remote
Sens., 70, 617–628, https://doi.org/10.14358/PERS.70.5.617, 2004.
Searle, M. P., Khan, M. A., Fraser, J. E., Gough, S. J., and Jan, M. Q.: The
tectonic evolution of the Kohistan-Karakoram collision belt along the
Karakoram Highway transect, north Pakistan, Tectonics, 18, 929–949, 1999.
Shahabi, H. and Hashim, M.: Landslide susceptibility mapping using GIS-based
statistical models and Remote sensing data in tropical environment, Sci.
Rep., 5, 9899, https://doi.org/10.1038/srep09899, 2015.
Shit, P. K., Bhunia, G. S., and Maiti, R.: Potential landslide susceptibility
mapping using weighted overlay model (WOM), Model. Earth Syst. Environ., 21,
1–10, https://doi.org/10.1007/s40808-016-0078-x, 2016.
Soeters, R. and van Westen, C. J.: Slope instability recognition, analysis,
and zonation, in: Landslides, investigation and mitigation, edited by:
Turner, A. K. and Schuster, R. L., Washington, D.C., USA, 1996.
Süzen, M. L. and Doyuran, V.: A comparison of the GIS based landslide
susceptibility assessment methods: Multivariate versus bivariate, Environ.
Geol., 45, 665–679, https://doi.org/10.1007/s00254-003-0917-8, 2004.
Taherynia, M. H., Mohammadi, M., and Ajalloeian, R.: Assessment of Slope
Instability and Risk Analysis of Road Cut Slopes in Lashotor Pass, Iran, J.
Geol. Res., 2014, 1–12, https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/763598, 2014.
Tahirkheli, R. A. K. and Jan, M. Q.: Geology of Kohistan, Karakorum Himalaya,
northern Pakistan, Geol. Bull. Univ. Peshawar, Pakistan, 11, 1–30, 1979.
Treloar, P. J., Petterson, M. G., Jan, M. Q., and Sullivan, M. A.: A
re-evaluation of the stratigraphy and evolution of the Kohistan arc sequence,
Pakistan Himalaya: implications for magmatic and tectonic arc-building
processes, J. Geol. Soc., 153, 681–693, https://doi.org/10.1144/gsjgs.153.5.0681,
1996.
Ulbricht, K. A., Teotia, H. S., and Civco, D. L.: Supervised Classification
to Land Cover Mapping in Semi-Arid Environment of NE Brazil Using Landsat-TM
and SPOT Data, Int. Arch. Photogramm. Remote Sens., 29, 821–821, available
at:
http://www.isprs.org/proceedings/XXIX/congress/part7/821_XXIX-part7.pdf
(last access: 16 February 2016), 1993.
USGS Earthquake Catalog: USGS Earthquake Catalog, Earthq. Cat., available at:
https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/search/, last access: 23 July
2017.
Vakhshoori, V. and Zare, M.: Is the ROC curve a reliable tool to compare the
validity of landslide susceptibility maps?, Geomat. Nat. Haz. Risk, 9,
249–266, https://doi.org/10.1080/19475705.2018.1424043, 2018.
Vallejo, G. L. and Ferrer, M.: Geological Engineering, 1st ed., CRC
Press/Balkema, AK Leiden, the Netherlands, 2011.
van Westen, C. J., van Asch, T. W. J., and Soeters, R.: Landslide hazard and
risk zonation - Why is it still so difficult?, Bull. Eng. Geol. Environ., 65,
167–184, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10064-005-0023-0, 2006.
Varnes, D. J.: Slope movements types and processes, in: Landslides analysis
and control, edited by: Schuster, R. L. and Krizek, R. J., Washington, D.C.,
USA, 1978.
Wang, Q., Li, W., Chen, W., and Bai, H.: GIS-based assessment of landslide
susceptibility using certainty factor and index of entropy models for the
Qianyang county of Baoji city, China, J. Earth Syst. Sci., 124, 1399–1415,
2015.
Williams, M. P.: The Geology of the Besham area, North Pakistan: Deformation
and Imbrication in the footwall of the Main Mantle Thrust, Geol. Bull. Univ.
Peshawar, 22, 65–82, 1989.
Yalcin, A.: GIS-based landslide susceptibility mapping using analytical
hierarchy process and bivariate statistics in Ardesen (Turkey): Comparisons
of results and confirmations, Catena, 72, 1–12,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.catena.2007.01.003, 2008.
Zeitler, P. K.: Cooling history of the NW Himalaya, Pakistan, Tectonics, 4,
127–151, https://doi.org/10.1029/TC004i001p00127, 1985.
Zhiquan, Y. and Yingyan, Z.: Types and Space Distribution Characteristics of
Debris Flow Disasters Along China-Pakistan Highway, Electron. J. Geotech.
Eng., 21, 191–200, 2016.
Zhou, S., Chen, G., Fang, L., and Nie, Y.: GIS-based integration of
subjective and objective weighting methods for regional landslides
susceptibility mapping, Sustain., 8, 1–15, https://doi.org/10.3390/su8040334, 2016.
Short summary
The Karakoram Highway (KKH) is an important physical connection between Pakistan and China. Landslides have been a major threat to its stability since its construction. After the announcement of the China–Pakistan Economic Corridor (CPEC), KKH has had more importance. Geoscientists from research institutions in both countries are assessing landslide hazard and risk along the highway. In a PhD project, this paper will be followed by a detailed analysis of mass movements along the highway.
The Karakoram Highway (KKH) is an important physical connection between Pakistan and China....
Special issue
Altmetrics
Final-revised paper
Preprint